वर्णमात्रा-परिचयः
Class 7 Sanskrit · दीपकम् · Chapter 13
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- Science: 12 chapters, 12 traps, a 12-Q test
- Maths Part II: the five congruence conditions
- Maths Part I: 8 chapters, lakhs to fractions
- Social Science: 12 chapters in Part I, 8 in II
- English: all 15 Poorvi texts, unit by unit
- Hindi: 10 मल्हार lessons + 4 reading pieces
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
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- 8 chapters in Part I: lakhs to fractions
- 7 chapters in Part II: congruence to equations
- Five congruence conditions, set out
- Integer sign rules, HCF and LCM by primes
- Magic squares and Virahāṅka numbers
- A final test closes both kits
- And dozens more key concepts and formulas
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- 12 chapters in Part I: landforms to markets
- 8 chapters in Part II: farming to banks
- 5 themes in each book
- Mahājanapadas to the Guptas, with dates
- Kingdoms from Harṣha to the Ghūrids
- A final test closes both kits
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
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- Triangle inequality, Ch 7
- Angle pairs of parallel lines, Ch 5
- Common traps, corrected
- Magic squares and Virahāṅka numbers, Ch 6
- Brahmagupta's fraction formulas, Ch 8
- 12-question final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and formulas
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- Integer sign rules, Ch 2
- HCF and LCM by prime factors, Ch 3
- Multiplying and dividing decimals, Ch 4
- Mean, median and outliers, Ch 5
- Ruler-and-compass constructions, Ch 6
- Final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and formulas
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- Writer and summary for every lesson
- Grammar of every lesson in one table
- 7 classical dances, Lesson 8
- MCQs across the whole book
- Common mistakes, corrected
- 12-question final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
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- Electric circuits and components, Ch 3
- Digestion and breathing, Ch 9
- 12 common traps, corrected
- Photosynthesis, Ch 10
- Time and speed, Ch 8
- 12-question final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and formulas
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- Magadha to the Mauryas and Aśhoka, Ch 5
- Articles of the Constitution, Ch 10
- Types of government, Ch 9
- Weather and climates of India, Ch 2–3
- Barter to money, Ch 11
- Final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
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- Crops, seasons and soils, Ch 1
- Land and maritime neighbours, Ch 2
- Harṣha and the Tripartite Struggle, Ch 3
- Ghaznavids, Cholas and Ghūrids, Ch 4
- Communities that made India home, Ch 5
- Final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
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- 5 units: authors, plots and characters
- Poem devices for every poem
- Grammar each lesson teaches
- Word meanings with page numbers
- Writing formats a school test asks
- Final test with answers
- And dozens more key concepts and facts
The story in short
यह "अतिरिक्तम् अध्ययनम्" (पूरक अध्ययन) पाठ संस्कृत में वर्णों की मात्राओं (उच्चारण-काल) का परिचय देता है। छात्रा श्रद्धा का सन्देह दूर करते हुए अध्यापक बताते हैं कि सामान्यतः स्वरों की दो मात्राएँ (ह्रस्व = एकमात्र, दीर्घ = द्विमात्र) मानी जाती हैं, परन्तु संस्कृत में एक तीसरी मात्रा "प्लुत" (त्रिमात्र) भी होती है। इस प्रकार संस्कृत में कुल बाईस (२२) स्वर होते हैं। प्लुत-स्वर का प्रयोग प्रायः दो स्थानों पर होता है — दूर से बुलाने में (जैसे "हे३ राम!") तथा वेद-मन्त्र के आरम्भ में ओंकार के उच्चारण में (जैसे "ॐ")। ये तीन मात्राएँ केवल स्वरों में होती हैं; सभी व्यञ्जनों की सदा "अर्ध-मात्रा" होती है। पाठ प्रसिद्ध श्लोक "एकमात्रो भवेद् ह्रस्वः, द्विमात्रो दीर्घ उच्यते, त्रिमात्रश्च प्लुतो ज्ञेयः, व्यञ्जनं चार्धमात्रिकम्" से इसे पुष्ट करता है। पक्षियों के उदाहरण से समझाया गया है — चाष (नीलकण्ठ) एकमात्र, वायस (काक) द्विमात्र, शिखी (मयूर) त्रिमात्र तथा नकुल (नेवला) अर्धमात्र ध्वनि करता है। फिर "राम = ४½ मात्राएँ" जैसी मात्रा-गणना-क्रीडा कराई जाती है। पाठ श्लोक-रचना में मात्रा-गणना के महत्त्व तथा "ॐ" व "ऽ" (अवग्रह) चिह्नों का परिचय भी देता है।