‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

What is the sexual division of labour?

A system in which work inside the home is assigned mainly to women, while men do most of the paid work outside, reflecting unequal gender roles.

What is communalism and why is it harmful?

Communalism uses religion to define political identity and seeks the dominance of one religion; it threatens democracy and national unity by causing distrust and conflict.

What is meant by secularism in the Indian Constitution?

There is no official state religion, every citizen is free to practise any religion, and the state keeps an equal distance from and treats all religions equally.

How are caste and politics related?

Parties consider caste while selecting candidates and forming alliances, and caste groups seek political power, though no party wins on caste votes alone.

Are social divisions always harmful to democracy?

No — when democracy allows groups to express their demands peacefully and seek justice, social divisions can strengthen rather than weaken it.

What is the sexual division of labour?

A system in which work inside the home is assigned mainly to women, while men do most of the paid work outside, reflecting unequal gender roles.

What is communalism, and why is it harmful?

Communalism uses religion to define political identity and seeks the dominance of one religion; it threatens democracy and national unity by causing distrust and conflict.

What is meant by secularism in the Indian Constitution?

There is no official state religion, every citizen is free to practise any religion, and the state treats all religions equally, keeping an equal distance from them.

How are caste and politics related in India?

Parties consider caste while selecting candidates and forming alliances, and caste groups seek political power, though no party wins on caste votes alone.

Are social divisions always harmful to democracy?

No — when democracy allows groups to express their demands peacefully and seek justice, social divisions can strengthen rather than weaken it.

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Chapter 3: Gender, Religion and CasteClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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The sexual division of labour refers to a system in which:

Summary

This chapter examines how the social divisions of gender, religion and caste interact with democratic politics. On gender, it distinguishes biological sex from socially constructed gender roles, discusses the sexual division of labour, the women’s movement, and the continued under-representation of women in legislatures despite reservation in local bodies. On religion and politics, it explains communalism — the belief that one religion is superior and should dominate political life — and contrasts it with the Indian idea of secularism, in which there is no official state religion, citizens are free to follow any faith, and the state keeps an equal distance from all religions. On caste, it shows how caste continues to shape politics — in choosing candidates and forming alliances — and how politics in turn shapes caste, while cautioning that an exclusive focus on caste can be harmful and divisive. The chapter concludes that the expression of these divisions in politics is not always negative, because democracy allows disadvantaged groups to demand justice, dignity and fair representation.

Gender and politicsThe women’s movement and political representationReligion, communalism and secularismCaste in Indian society and politicsPolitics of social divisionsDemands for justice and representation

Key terms

Sexual division of labour

A system in which household work is assigned mainly to women.

Feminist movement

Movements demanding equal rights and opportunities for women.

Communalism

Using religion as the basis of political identity, dominance and conflict.

Secularism

The principle that the state treats all religions equally and has no official religion.

Casteism

Treating caste as the sole basis of social standing and political action.

Patriarchy

A social system that values men more and gives them greater power.

Occupational mobility

The movement of people from one occupation to another over generations.

Caste hierarchy

The ranking of caste groups from higher to lower in the social order.

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Sexual division of labour

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A system in which household work is assigned mainly to women.

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