‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

A method of mass agitation based on the power of truth and non-violence; it sought to win over the opponent through moral pressure rather than force.

Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement called off?

After the Chauri Chaura incident of 1922, where a crowd set fire to a police station, Gandhi felt the movement was turning violent and suspended it.

Why did Gandhi choose salt for the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Salt was used by rich and poor alike, and the British monopoly and tax on it symbolised the most oppressive face of colonial rule, uniting people across classes.

How did different social groups view the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Rich peasants wanted lower revenue, poor peasants wanted rent reduction, business classes wanted protection against imports, and workers and women joined for their own hopes and grievances.

How was a sense of collective belonging created?

Through symbols and icons like Bharat Mata, national songs, the tricolour flag, the reinterpretation of history and the collection of folklore.

What were the causes of the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and its effect?

A peaceful crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in 1919 was fired upon by General Dyer’s troops, killing many; it caused widespread anger and intensified the national movement.

Why did Gandhiji start the Non-Cooperation Movement?

To protest against the Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the wrong done to the Khilafat, by boycotting British institutions, titles and goods.

How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Rich peasants wanted lower revenue, poor peasants wanted rent reduction, business classes wanted protection for trade, and women and workers joined for their own hopes and grievances.

What was the importance of the Salt March?

By making salt in defiance of the salt law, Gandhiji turned a daily necessity into a powerful symbol of resistance that united people across the country.

How did folklore, songs and images help create a sense of nationalism?

They created a shared cultural identity; figures like Bharat Mata, national songs and a reinterpreted history inspired pride and unity among diverse Indians.

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Chapter 2: Nationalism in IndiaClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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Satyagraha, as developed by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasised:

Summary

This chapter studies how a sense of common nationhood developed in India during the struggle against colonial rule, especially between 1918 and 1947. The hardships of the First World War, rising prices, forced recruitment and the Rowlatt Act gave anti-colonial feeling a mass character. Mahatma Gandhi introduced satyagraha — the method of mass non-violent resistance — and launched the Non-Cooperation Movement (1921–22), in which students, lawyers, peasants and workers boycotted schools, courts and foreign goods. After it was withdrawn following the Chauri Chaura violence, the Civil Disobedience Movement began in 1930 with the Salt March to Dandi, defying the salt law as a symbol of unjust taxation. Different social groups — rich and poor peasants, business classes, women and the working class — joined for their own reasons, while Dr B.R. Ambedkar and others raised questions about caste and representation that the movement had to confront. The chapter also shows how a shared identity was built through symbols, songs, the image of Bharat Mata, folklore, flags and a reinterpreted history, turning a diverse people into a nation-in-the-making.

The First World War and the rise of mass nationalismSatyagraha and the Rowlatt ActThe Non-Cooperation MovementThe Civil Disobedience Movement and the Salt MarchMaking the nation: symbols and collective belonging

Key terms

Satyagraha

Gandhi’s method of mass struggle through non-violence and truth-force.

Rowlatt Act (1919)

A repressive law allowing detention without trial; sparked nationwide protest.

Non-Cooperation Movement

The 1921–22 boycott of British schools, courts, titles and goods.

Civil Disobedience Movement

The 1930 movement to break colonial laws, beginning with the Salt March.

Salt March (Dandi March)

Gandhi’s 1930 march to make salt, defying the salt monopoly.

Boycott

The refusal to use or buy goods or take part in institutions as a protest.

Picketing

Peaceful blocking of the entry to shops or offices as a form of protest.

Bharat Mata

The personification of India as a mother figure, used to inspire nationalism.

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Chapter 2: Nationalism in IndiaClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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