‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

What were the three types of flows in the nineteenth-century global economy?

The flow of trade (goods), the flow of labour (migration of people for work) and the flow of capital (short- and long-term investment).

What was the impact of the abolition of the Corn Laws in Britain?

Cheaper food could be imported, British agriculture could not compete, land went uncultivated, people migrated, and rising incomes raised demand for imports.

What were the main causes of the Great Depression?

Agricultural overproduction and falling prices, the withdrawal of US loans, and the collapse of banks and businesses across interconnected economies.

What was the Bretton Woods system?

A post-war framework of fixed exchange rates with the IMF to handle external deficits and the World Bank to finance reconstruction, to preserve economic stability.

How did indentured labour migration affect the colonies?

Millions of Indian and Chinese workers were taken to plantations and mines, creating new, often harsh, conditions but also new cultural blends in the Caribbean, Fiji and elsewhere.

What were the Silk Routes, and what did they carry?

Ancient trade routes linking Asia with Europe and North Africa, along which goods, precious metals, ideas, religions and even diseases travelled between distant regions.

How did food items connect distant parts of the world?

Foods like potatoes, maize and chillies, unknown earlier, spread from the Americas to the rest of the world after Columbus, changing diets and even populations.

What was the impact of the abolition of the Corn Laws in Britain?

Cheaper food could be imported, uncompetitive British farming declined, people migrated to cities or abroad, and rising incomes increased the demand for imports.

What were the effects of the Great Depression on India?

Falling agricultural prices reduced peasants’ incomes while their burdens remained, deepening rural debt and discontent, which fed into the national movement.

What was the Bretton Woods system?

A post-war framework set up in 1944 with the IMF and the World Bank to preserve economic stability, manage external imbalances and finance reconstruction.

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Chapter 3: The Making of a Global WorldClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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Summary

This chapter explains that globalisation is not new but the result of centuries of connections between societies through trade, migration, capital and the movement of people and ideas. Ancient routes such as the Silk Routes linked Asia, Europe and Africa, carrying goods, faiths and even diseases. The Columbian exchange after 1500 transferred crops like potatoes and maize to the Old World while germs such as smallpox devastated the Americas. In the nineteenth century three flows shaped the global economy — the flow of trade in goods, the flow of labour as migrants and indentured workers, and the flow of capital as investment. Technologies like railways, steamships and the refrigerated ship reorganised food production and trade across continents. The chapter then examines the disruptions of the twentieth century: the First World War, the Great Depression of the 1930s with its collapse of prices and employment, and the rebuilding after the Second World War through the Bretton Woods institutions (the IMF and the World Bank). It closes with the post-war decades of growth and the later shift of production to low-wage countries.

Pre-modern trade and the Silk RoutesThe nineteenth-century world economyIndentured labour and global migrationThe inter-war crisis and the Great DepressionRebuilding the post-war economy: Bretton Woods

Key terms

Globalisation

The growing integration of economies and societies through trade, capital and the movement of people.

Silk Routes

Ancient trade routes linking Asia with Europe and North Africa.

Indentured labour

Bonded workers contracted to work for an employer for a fixed period to repay passage.

Columbian exchange

The transfer of crops, people and diseases between the Old and New Worlds after 1492.

Great Depression

The worldwide slump of 1929–30s marked by falling prices, output and jobs.

Bretton Woods

The 1944 agreement that set up the IMF and the World Bank.

Tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods at the border.

Corn Laws

British laws restricting grain imports, later abolished to allow cheaper food.

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Chapter 3: The Making of a Global WorldClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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