‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

What was proto-industrialisation?

A phase of large-scale production for export carried out in rural households by merchants before the coming of factories, linking towns and countryside.

Why did some industrialists in Britain prefer hand labour over machines?

Machines were expensive and broke down, labour was cheap and abundant, and many goods needed delicate human skill and could be made in small, flexible batches.

Why did Indian textile exports decline under colonial rule?

Cheap machine-made cloth from Manchester flooded the market, export markets shrank, tariffs favoured British goods, and weavers faced a shortage and high price of raw cotton.

Who were jobbers and what did they do?

Jobbers were trusted older workers hired by industrialists to recruit new workers, often from their own village, giving them power over jobs and the lives of workers.

How did manufacturers create demand for their goods?

Through advertisements, attractive labels with images of gods or important figures, calendars and clever packaging that built brand recognition and trust.

What was proto-industrialisation?

A phase of large-scale industrial production for international markets, carried out in the countryside by merchants employing peasant households, before the coming of factories.

Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Britain prefer hand labour to machines?

Labour was cheap and plentiful, demand was often seasonal, and many goods needed delicate skill and variety that machines could not provide.

How did the East India Company control Indian weavers?

It appointed paid servants called gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect cloth and enforce contracts, leaving weavers little freedom or bargaining power.

Why did Indian textile exports decline in the nineteenth century?

Cheap machine-made cloth from Manchester flooded the market, British tariffs favoured their own goods, and Indian weavers faced shrinking markets and costly raw cotton.

How did manufacturers try to create new markets for their goods?

Through advertisements, attractive labels and images — often of gods, emperors or important figures — that made products appear desirable and trustworthy.

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Chapter 4: The Age of IndustrialisationClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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Proto-industrialisation refers to:

Summary

This chapter questions the simple story that industrialisation meant only the rise of factories. Before factories, much production happened in the countryside through proto-industrialisation, where merchants gave out work to peasant households. In Britain, the cotton and metal industries, steam power and new machines transformed manufacturing, yet hand labour and small workshops survived because machines were costly and labour was cheap and plentiful. In India, a thriving handloom and textile export trade declined as British rule promoted Manchester imports and as colonial policy worked against Indian weavers, who faced shrinking markets and a shortage of raw cotton. The rise of European Managing Agencies controlled Indian industry, while Indian entrepreneurs such as Dwarkanath Tagore and the early mill owners gradually built up cotton and jute mills. Workers, often migrants seeking jobs through jobbers, faced uncertain employment and poor conditions. The chapter also shows how advertisements, labels and images were used to create markets for new goods, linking the history of production to the history of consumption.

Proto-industrialisationThe coming of the factory in BritainIndustrialisation in colonial IndiaFactory workers and the labour marketMarkets and the role of advertising

Key terms

Proto-industrialisation

Large-scale production for international markets before factories, done in homes.

Industrial Revolution

The shift to machine-based factory production, beginning in 18th-century Britain.

Spinning Jenny

A machine that sped up the spinning process by working many spindles at once.

Fuller / Stapler / Carder

Workers in cloth production who, respectively, gathered, sorted and combed fibres.

Guild

An association of producers that controlled trade, training and prices.

Jobber

A trusted older worker employed to recruit and control new factory hands.

Managing Agency

A European-controlled firm that set up and ran much of colonial Indian industry.

Dwarkanath Tagore

An early Indian entrepreneur who invested in shipping, mining and banking.

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Large-scale production for international markets before factories, done in homes.

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Chapter 4: The Age of IndustrialisationClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

Summary

Key terms

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Project work

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Practice quiz · The Age of Industrialisation

Your Class 10 board-year rhythm

A little every day

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