‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

How are powers divided in the Indian Constitution?

Into the Union List (central subjects), the State List (state subjects) and the Concurrent List (shared subjects), with residuary powers given to the centre.

What is decentralisation and why is it needed?

It is the transfer of power to local governments; it is needed because many problems are best solved locally and it deepens democratic participation.

How did the 1992 constitutional amendment strengthen local government?

It made regular elections to local bodies compulsory, reserved seats for women, Scheduled Castes and Tribes, created State Election Commissions and gave panchayats and municipalities powers and funds.

How has India become more federal in practice?

Through the linguistic reorganisation of states, an accommodating language policy, the rise of regional parties and coalition governments, and active judicial protection of the federal balance.

How are powers divided in the Indian Constitution?

Into the Union List (central subjects), the State List (state subjects) and the Concurrent List (shared subjects), with residuary powers given to the centre.

What is decentralisation, and why is it needed?

The transfer of power from central and state governments to local bodies; it is needed because many problems are best solved locally and it deepens democratic participation.

How did the 1992 constitutional amendment strengthen local government?

It made regular elections to local bodies compulsory, reserved seats for women and weaker sections, created State Election Commissions, and gave panchayats and municipalities powers and funds.

How has India become more federal in practice?

Through linguistic reorganisation of states, an accommodating language policy, the rise of regional parties and coalition governments, and judicial protection of the federal balance.

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Chapter 2: FederalismClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

Q: What are the key features of federalism?

Two or more levels of government, division of powers guaranteed by the constitution, an independent judiciary to settle disputes, and separate sources of revenue for each level.

Q: What are the key features of federalism?

Two or more levels of government, a division of powers guaranteed by the constitution, an independent judiciary to settle disputes, and separate sources of revenue for each level.

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Federalism is a system in which power is divided between:

Summary

This chapter explains federalism as a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units such as states. Its key features are two or more levels of government, each with its own jurisdiction guaranteed by the constitution, an independent judiciary to settle disputes between levels, and separate sources of revenue. India is described as a federal country with a strong central government, where powers are divided through the Union List, State List and Concurrent List, with residuary subjects left to the centre. The chapter shows how India has become more federal in practice through linguistic reorganisation of states, a flexible language policy, coalition governments, and the role of the judiciary. A major section deals with decentralisation and the 1992 constitutional amendment that strengthened local self-government through panchayats and municipalities, made regular local elections compulsory, reserved seats for women and weaker sections, and brought democracy closer to the people.

Meaning and features of federalismDivision of powers and the three listsIndia as a federal countryLinguistic states and language policyDecentralisationLocal self-government and the 1992 amendment

Key terms

Federalism

A system of government dividing power between central and state governments.

Union List

Subjects of national importance on which only the central government can make laws.

State List

Subjects of state and local importance on which states make laws.

Concurrent List

Subjects on which both the centre and the states can make laws.

Decentralisation

The transfer of power from central and state levels to local governments.

Panchayati Raj

The three-tier system of rural local self-government in India.

Residuary powers

Powers over subjects not in any list, which rest with the centre.

Coalition government

A government formed by several parties coming together.

Extra questions & answers

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A system of government dividing power between central and state governments.

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Chapter 2: FederalismClass 10 Social Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

Summary

Key terms

Extra questions & answers

Let’s revise

Let’s listen to radio

Let’s revise

Linguistic States

Linguistic diversity of India

Let’s revise

Let’s revise

Let’s find out

Exercises

Explore interactively

Practice quiz · Federalism

Your Class 10 board-year rhythm

A little every day

Board-pattern practice

Results you can show off