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International Organisations – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 4

This chapter covers the role, functions, and challenges of international organisations in contemporary global politics. It highlights the United Nations system, specialized agencies, peacekeeping missions, the role of the World Bank, IMF, WTO, regional organizations like the EU and ASEAN, and debates on sovereignty and intervention in international relations.

Contemporary South Asia – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 3

This chapter focuses on South Asia, covering political and social developments in the post-Cold War era. It examines the conflicts and cooperation among South Asian countries, especially India and Pakistan, and topics such as nuclear tests, border disputes, ethnic conflicts, democracy, regional organizations like SAARC, and the influence of external powers like the US and China on the region’s politics.

Contemporary Centres of Power – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 2

This chapter explores the significant shifts in global power post-Cold War, focusing on emerging regional powers and organizations such as the European Union (EU), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), China, Japan, and South Korea. It discusses their political, economic, and military influence, integration efforts, and their implications for the international order and future global politics.

The End of Bipolarity – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 1

This chapter discusses the end of the Cold War bipolar world order and the emergence of a new international system characterized by American unipolarity, multipolarity, and regional powers. It explores the political changes, conflicts, and challenges in the post-Cold War era, the role of international organizations, and the global impact of these transformations.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Market Equilibrium – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 5 – Demand and Supply, Equilibrium Price, Quantity, Shifts, Government Intervention

This chapter integrates consumer and firm behavior to explain market equilibrium through demand-supply analysis. Topics include equilibrium price and quantity determination, the effects of demand and supply shifts, excess demand and supply, out-of-equilibrium adjustments, and government interventions like price ceilings and floors. Detailed graphical illustrations, examples, and textbook exercises are included.

Complete Summary and Solutions for The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 4

This chapter explains the behavior of firms in a perfectly competitive market, including the nature of perfect competition, price taking by firms, the short period and long period equilibrium, equilibrium of the firm and industry, the relation between cost and output, and the concept of shut down price. It also discusses the graphical analysis of equilibrium with detailed explanations and textbook question answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Production and Costs – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 3

This chapter discusses the behavior of producers in transforming inputs into output, the production function, short run and long run production processes, returns to scale, and cost analysis including total, average, and marginal costs in both short and long runs. It explains concepts like law of variable proportions, production function, isoquants, cost functions, and covers graphical representation of cost curves, concluding with exercises and solutions.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Theory of Consumer Behaviour – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 2 – Utility Analysis, Budget Constraints, Demand Curve, Elasticity

This chapter explains the behavior of an individual consumer in choosing goods based on budget constraints and preferences. It covers Cardinal Utility Analysis and Ordinal Utility Analysis, indifference curves, budget sets, consumer's optimum, demand function, law of demand, market demand, and price elasticity of demand with detailed examples, diagrams, and exercises.

Introduction – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 1 – Basic Concepts, Definitions, Economic Activities, Development, Theories

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of economics for class XII students, covering basic economic problems, the allocative efficiency of resources, types of economic activities, development and growth, and key theories. It provides a foundation for understanding economic principles, policies, and the role of government and markets in economic decision-making.

Peasants, Zamindars and the State: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth to seventeenth centuries) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 8

This chapter examines the structure of agrarian society under the Mughal Empire, focusing on peasants, zamindars, and the state. It explores land revenue policies, the role of zamindars in collection and revenue, peasant resistance, the impact of imperial policies on rural life, and the changing nature of agrarian relationships from the 16th to 17th centuries, with comprehensive answers to textbook questions.

An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 7

This chapter explores the political, social, cultural, and architectural history of the Vijayanagara Empire from the 14th to the 16th century. It includes the founding and expansion of the empire, the capital city's urban layout, temples, markets, water management, economy, interactions with foreign travelers, and the empire's decline, accompanied by answers to all textbook questions.

Bhakti-Sufi Traditions: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 6

This chapter discusses the religious and devotional landscape spanning from the 8th to the 18th century in India, focusing on the development of Bhakti and Sufi traditions. It covers the evolution of devotional poetry, the integration of "great" Sanskrit traditions with "little" local ones, the role of poet-saints like Kabir, Mirabai, Guru Nanak, and the Sufi orders such as the Chishtis, exploring their social contexts, teachings, conflicts, and how their ideas spread through texts, music, and shared cultural practices.

Through the Eyes of Travellers: Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 5

Explore how accounts by Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta, François Bernier, and other travellers from 10th to 17th centuries open a window into medieval Indian society—its customs, cities, rural life, caste, commerce, women, and state—through their observations, comparisons, and writings.

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Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE - 600 CE) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 4

This chapter explores the rich cultural and religious developments during the period c. 600 BCE to 600 CE. It covers the lives and philosophies of prominent thinkers like Buddha and Mahavira, their teachings, the construction of stupas and temples, the evolution of religious traditions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism, and Shaivism, and examines the art, architecture, and sculptures that embody these beliefs. The chapter discusses textual sources, material remains, and debates among early traditions, highlighting the lasting impact on Indian culture.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies (C. 600 BCE-600 CE) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 3 – Social Organisation, Kinship, Caste, Class, Occupational Specialisation

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies (C. 600 BCE-600 CE)' from the NCERT Class XII History textbook, including the study of social structures through kinship, caste and class, the role of occupational groups, social mobility, and how these societal forms evolved during early historic period, with answers to all textbook questions.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 2 – Mahajanapadas, Kingship, Urban Centres, Economy, Inscriptions

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'Kings, Farmers and Towns: Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)' from the NCERT Class XII History textbook, covering the rise of early states, political formations like mahajanapadas, kingship and administration, economic activities including agriculture and trade, urban centres and their artefacts, inscriptions and coins as historical sources, and answers to all textbook questions.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 1 – Urban Planning, Artefacts, Society, Decline, Questions

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Bricks, Beads and Bones: The Harappan Civilisation' from the NCERT Class XII History textbook, including details on archaeological evidence, urban settlement patterns, craft production, social structure, trade links, artefacts like seals and beads, burial practices, and the decline of the civilisation, with all textbook questions and answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Biodiversity and Conservation – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 13 – Types, Significance, Threats, Conservation Strategies

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 13 'Biodiversity and Conservation' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering levels and types of biodiversity, importance of conservation, threats to biodiversity, in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods, biodiversity hotspots, and detailed answers to all textbook exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Organisms and Populations – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 11 – Population Attributes, Growth Models, Species Interactions, Ecological Concepts

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 11 'Organisms and Populations' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, detailing population dynamics including population size, density, growth patterns (exponential and logistic), life history variations, interspecific interactions such as mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism, and amensalism, illustrated with ecological examples and exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Biotechnology: Principles and Processes – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 9 – Genetic Engineering, Recombinant DNA Technology, Bioprocess Engineering, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and detailed explanation of Chapter 9 'Biotechnology: Principles and Processes' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering fundamental concepts of biotechnology, genetic engineering techniques including recombinant DNA, cloning, vectors, gene amplification, transformation, expression, large-scale production with bioreactors, downstream processing, and all textbook exercises with answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Biotechnology and Its Applications – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 10 – Agricultural Biotechnology, Medical Biotechnology, Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 10 'Biotechnology and Its Applications' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering biotechnological applications in agriculture including genetically modified crops, tissue culture, biopesticides, medical biotechnology for producing human insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, transgenic animals and related ethical considerations, with detailed answers to all textbook exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Microbes in Human Welfare – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 8 – Fermentation, Antibiotics, Sewage Treatment, Biogas, Biocontrol, Biofertilizers

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 8 'Microbes in Human Welfare' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering roles of microbes in household and industrial products, production of beverages and antibiotics, sewage treatment processes, biogas generation, microbial biocontrol agents, biofertilizers, and detailed answers to all textbook exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Human Health and Disease – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 7 – Infectious Diseases, Immunity, AIDS, Cancer, Drug Abuse, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 7 'Human Health and Disease' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering common human diseases caused by pathogens, immune system and immunity types, AIDS, cancer biology and treatment, drug and alcohol abuse, prevention and control measures, and all textbook exercises with answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Evolution – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 6 – Origin, Evidence, Mechanisms, Adaptive Radiation, Human Evolution

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 6 'Evolution' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering origin of life, theories of evolution, evidences from fossils and comparative anatomy, adaptive radiation, biological evolution, mechanisms like natural selection, Hardy-Weinberg principle, and a brief account of human evolutionary history, along with textbook questions and answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Molecular Basis of Inheritance – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 5 – DNA Structure, Replication, Transcription, Genetic Code, Human Genome Project

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Molecular Basis of Inheritance' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering DNA and RNA structure, discovery of genetic material, DNA replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression regulation, Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting, and answers to all textbook exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Principles of Inheritance and Variation – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 4 – Mendelian Laws, Chromosomal Theory, Genetic Disorders, Questions, Answers

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 4 'Principles of Inheritance and Variation' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering Mendel’s laws, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, chromosomal theory, linkage, recombination, polygenic inheritance, sex determination, mutation, pedigree analysis, and genetic disorders with all textbook questions and answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Reproductive Health – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 3 – Problems, Strategies, Birth Control, STIs, Infertility, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Reproductive Health' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering reproductive health problems and strategies, birth control, population explosion, medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), infertility management, and detailed textbook answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Human Reproduction – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 2 – Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Gametogenesis, Menstrual Cycle, Fertilisation, Pregnancy, Parturition, and Questions with Answers

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'Human Reproduction' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering the structure and functions of the male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and all NCERT textbook questions with detailed answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 1 – Structures, Events, Apomixis, Questions, Answers

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, including flower structure, pre- and post-fertilization events, double fertilization, apomixis, polyembryony, and all textbook questions and answers.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Ecosystem – NCERT Class XII Biology, Chapter 12 – Structure, Function, Productivity, Energy Flow, Pyramids

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 12 'Ecosystem' from the NCERT Class XII Biology textbook, covering the structure and function of ecosystems, productivity (GPP, NPP), energy flow, food chains, ecological pyramids, decomposition, nutrient cycling, examples of terrestrial and aquatic systems, and detailed textbook questions with answers.

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Complete Summary and Solutions for Tools and Techniques – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 12 – Laboratory Methods, Analytical Techniques, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 12 'Tools and Techniques' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering advanced techniques like microscopy, centrifugation, electrophoresis, ELISA, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, FISH, DNA sequencing, microarray, and flow cytometry, plus detailed answers to textbook questions and concept applications.

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Complete Summary and Solutions for Programming and Systems Biology – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 11 – Python, R, Bioinformatics Tools, Models, Analysis

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 11 'Programming and Systems Biology' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering programming languages like Python and R for biological data analysis, computational approaches, bioinformatics pipelines, modelling, simulation, data standards, systems biology toolkits, model analysis, and answers to all textbook questions and exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Protein Informatics and Cheminformatics – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 10 – Computational Analysis, Drug Design, Databases, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 10 'Protein Informatics and Cheminformatics' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering computational methods to analyze protein structure and function, protein data types, database resources, structural prediction tools, 3D modeling, pharmacophore concepts, Lipinski's rule, cheminformatics strategies for drug discovery, and answers to all textbook questions and exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Introduction to Bioinformatics – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 9 – Databases, Genome Informatics, Statistics, AI, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 9 'Introduction to Bioinformatics' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering the evolution and importance of bioinformatics, basic concepts of data analysis and statistics in biology, biological databases, genome informatics workflows, data formats, tools, and artificial intelligence applications, all with answers to textbook questions and exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Genetic Disorder – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 8 – Chromosomal Abnormalities, Syndromes, Monogenic and Polygenic Diseases, Pedigree Analysis, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 8 'Genetic Disorder' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, detailing chromosomal abnormalities, famous syndromes (Down, Klinefelter, Turner), monogenic disorders (sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, haemophilia), polygenic disorders (diabetes, hypertension, CHD), mitochondrial inheritance, pedigree analysis, and answers to all textbook exercises and questions.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Basic Processes – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 7 – DNA Structure, Replication, Gene Expression, Translation, Mutations, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 7 'Basic Processes' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering the discovery and evidence for DNA as genetic material, gene and genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication mechanisms, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression, types of mutations, DNA repair, and answers to all textbook questions and exercises.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Basic Principles of Inheritance – NCERT Class XI Biotechnology, Chapter 6 – Laws, Genetics, Mendel, Crossing Over, Exercises

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 6 'Basic Principles of Inheritance' from the NCERT Class XI Biotechnology textbook, covering Mendelian genetics, genotype vs phenotype, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, linkage, recombination, sex-linked and extranuclear inheritance, polyploidy, and detailed answers to all textbook exercises.