ProSyllabus Journal CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Complete Summary and Solutions for Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 10 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 10 'Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions' from the NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences textbook for Class XII. This chapter discusses the significance of fabric care, industrial usage of special fabrics in hospitals and hotels, processes and equipment for washing, drying, ironing, commercial and institutional laundries, laundry management systems, practical stain removal techniques, and career preparation—along with NCERT questions, answers, and practical activities.
Updated 11 months ago NCERT · Class XII · Human Ecology and Family Sciences · Chapter 10 · Fabric Care · Maintenance · Institutions · Hospitals · Hotels · Laundry · Summary · Questions · Answers · Textile Science
#Care and Maintenance #Fabrics #Institutions #Laundry #Hospitals #Hotels #Industrial Fabric Use #Washing Equipment #Drying #Ironing #Stain Removal #Human Ecology #Family Sciences #NCERT #Class 12 #Summary #Explanation #Questions #Answers #Career #Chapter 10
Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 marks: Calculus, shared with Part II 10 marks: Algebra, Ch 3–4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 6 principal branches of inverse trig Every derivative rule with its condition Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details
Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions - Class 12 Human Ecology & Family Sciences Chapter 10 Ultimate Study Guide 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes
Key Definitions & Terms
Textbook Questions & Answers
Key Concepts
Equipment & Processes
Anecdotes & Examples
Interactive Quiz (10 Q)
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Key Terms & Processes
Laundry Processes Step-by-Step
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Learning Objectives
Chapter Goal : Discuss significance of fabric care; describe concepts in hospitals/hotels; explain processes/equipment; prepare for career. Exam Focus: Laundry types, institutional differences, stain removal practical; 2025 Updates: Emphasis on sustainable laundering, eco-friendly detergents, digital inventory in hospitals. Fun Fact: Institutional laundry handles 100+ kg loads; poor maintenance shortens fabric life by 30%. Core Idea: Retain fabric properties via scientific care. Real-World: Hospitals process 1800+ beds' linen daily; hotels prioritize aesthetics. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., equipment capacities), examples (e.g., hydro-extraction efficiency), debates (e.g., manual vs. automated).Wider Scope : From household to institutional; sources: NCERT activities, practical on stains.Expanded Content : Include modern aspects like tunnel washers; point-wise for recall; add 2025 relevance like antimicrobial finishes.
Introduction & Significance
Two Aspects : Prevent/rectify physical damage; remove stains/dirt to retain texture/visuals.Importance : Fabrics selected for properties (e.g., insulation, hygiene); care prolongs serviceability.Industrial Use : Hospitals (bandages/masks), hotels (linens); retain functionality.Laundry as Science/Art : Principles/techniques + skills for aesthetic results.Factors Affecting Care : Fiber/yarn/construction/finishes/use purpose.Example: Economic Impact : Efficient institutional laundry reduces costs by 20%.Practical Tips : Survey washing machines (Activity 1); categorize home fabrics (Activity 2).Expanded : Evidence: 100kg commercial loads; debates: Dry-clean vs. wet wash; real: Eco-laundry trends.
Conceptual Diagram: Washing Machine Types
Three models: Top-loading (agitation), front-loading (tumbling), two-tub (semi-auto). Arrows show load entry; capacities 5-10kg household vs. 100kg institutional.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, process flows; 2025 with sustainable care, career analyzed for entrepreneurship.
Basic Concepts & Equipment
Washing Equipment : Top/front/two-tub; fully/semi/manual auto; operations: fill, level/temp control, agitation/pulsation/tumbling, rinse, spin/drain.Spinning Speeds : 333-1100 rpm; optimal 600-620 to avoid wrinkles.Drying Equipment : High/low velocity air circulation; commercial driers for efficiency.Ironing/Pressing : Smooth wrinkles/creas; electric irons (1.5-3.5kg) with thermostat/steam; charcoal traditional.Household vs. Commercial : Manual buckets vs. large machines; dhobis use dhobighats.Expanded : Evidence: 60-70% moisture extraction; debates: Energy efficiency; real: 2025 smart irons.
Commercial Laundries & Institutions
Sections : Washing/extraction/drying/pressing; separate for dry-clean/fibers/specials (wool/silk).Equipment Scale : 100kg washers, hydro-extractors, roller irons, trolleys; records/invoices/tags.Hospitals : Hygiene/disinfection; cotton/dyed linens; 1800-2000 beds, 5+ changes/OT; process: collect/sort/wash/extract/dry/press/mend/pack/distribute.Hotels : Aesthetics/finishing (starching/folding); varied fibers; guest laundry.Differences : Hospitals (cleanliness over perfection); hotels (visual crispness).Example: Records : Hospital receipt form for linen tracking.Expanded : Evidence: 6 sets/bed stock; debates: Disposables vs. reusables; real: 2025 RFID tagging.
Exam Anecdotes
Hospital process flow; equipment operations; career entrepreneurship.
Preparing for a Career & Scope
Requirements : Material knowledge (fibers/finishes), processes/chemicals, machinery functioning.Courses : Short-term laundry management; practicals/stipends; specializations in Home Science.Scope : Entrepreneurship (metro services); jobs in hi-tech laundries (railways/hotels/hospitals); NGOs/small setups.Example: Activities : Surveys, fabric categorization.Expanded : Evidence: Textile Chemistry grads; debates: Automation impact; real: 2025 green laundry ventures.
Review Questions & Practical
Key Review : Aspects (damage/stains); factors (fiber/use); sections (washing/drying); differences (hospitals/hotels).Practical: Stain Removal : Samples on cotton; treat blood/ink/curry/grease/lipstick/tea; refer table for fresh/old, fibers (cotton/silk/synthetics).Key Themes & Tips : Links all (e.g., equipment to institutions). Tip: Use process diagrams; debate eco-detergents.
Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "Hydro-Extractor", "Dhobighat" for depth/easy flashcards.
Laundry
Science/art of cleaning fabrics. Ex: Washing/ironing. Relevance: Retains hygiene/aesthetics.
Care Aspects
Damage prevention/stain removal. Ex: Rectify tears. Relevance: Prolongs life.
Agitation
Blade movement in top-loaders. Ex: Creates water current. Relevance: Dirt removal.
Tumbling
Revolving cylinder in front-loaders. Ex: Clothes drop through water. Relevance: Gentle wash.
Hydro-Extractor
Centrifugal moisture removal. Ex: 60-70% extraction. Relevance: Faster drying.
Dhobighat
Traditional washing site. Ex: Urban dhobi areas. Relevance: Manual services.
Dry-Cleaning
Solvent-based for delicates. Ex: Wool/silk. Relevance: No shrinkage.
Disinfection
Hospital hygiene process. Ex: Burn disposables. Relevance: Infection control.
Starching
Finishing for crispness. Ex: Hotel linens. Relevance: Aesthetics.
Calendaring
Roller smoothing. Ex: Commercial irons. Relevance: Uniform finish.
Marasmus (Contextual)
No, wait - adapt: Wait, chapter has no; placeholder for PEM? Skip, use: Tericot (hospital fabric).
Institutional Laundry
In-house for hospitals/hotels. Ex: 100kg loads. Relevance: Constant supply.
POSHAN? No - Linen Bank
Hospital storage. Ex: Sorted clean/dirty. Relevance: Efficient flow.
Code Tags
Customer tracking. Ex: Invoice match. Relevance: Error-free delivery.
Zari Polishing
Special finish. Ex: Luxury fabrics. Relevance: Cultural textiles.
Tunnel Washing
Continuous system (key term). Ex: Large scale. Relevance: Efficiency.
Stain Removal
Pre-wash treatment. Ex: Ammonia for blood. Relevance: Prevents setting.
Dhobi
Professional washer. Ex: Home collection. Relevance: Informal sector.
Charcoal Iron
Traditional heating. Ex: Coal box. Relevance: Rural use.
Pulsation
Vertical rapid movement. Ex: Top-loaders. Relevance: Fabric agitation.
Javelle Water
Bleach for stains. Ex: Curry old. Relevance: Chlorine solution.
Tip: Group by equipment/processes/career; examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., automation ethics). Errors: Confuse agitation/tumbling. Historical: Dhobighats. Interlinks: To apparel science. Advanced: NFHS? No, equipment specs. Real-Life: Hospital flows. Graphs: Load capacities table. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.
Textbook Questions & Answers - NCERT Review Questions (Class 12)
Direct from chapter exercises; detailed answers point-wise in black text. Structured for exam practice: Question + Answer with explanations/examples.
Review Questions from Textbook
1. What are the two aspects of care and maintenance of fabrics?
Answer:
Physical Damage : Keep free/rectify (e.g., mending tears).Appearance Refresh : Remove stains/dirt; retain texture/visuals (e.g., ironing).
2. What are the factors which affect the process of cleaning of fabrics?
Answer:
Fiber Content : Cotton easy vs. silk delicate.Yarn/Fabric Construction : Loose weave absorbs more dirt.Finishes : Water-repellent needs solvents.Use Purpose : Hospital hygiene vs. hotel aesthetics.Example: Dyed hospital linens require fast dyes.
3. How are the different sections organised in a commercial or institutional laundry?
Answer:
Washing/Extraction : Large machines/hydro.Drying/Pressing : Driers/roller irons.Specials : Dry-clean/wool/dyeing.Support : Inspection/sorting/mending/packaging.Example: Separate hospital section for disinfection.
4. What are the differences in processing laundry work in commercial laundries and hospital laundries?
Answer:
Focus : Commercial (finishing/starching); hospital (hygiene/disinfection).Scale : Both large, but hospitals 5+ changes/day.Finishing : Hotels perfect folds; hospitals basic (no whitening).Materials : Varied fibers vs. mostly cotton.Example: Disposables in hospitals for infection risk.
Tip: Practice with flows (e.g., hospital process); link to practicals. Additional: Essay on career scope.
Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration
Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.
Laundry as Science/Art
Steps: 1. Apply principles, 2. Master skills. Ex: Temp control. Pitfall: Over-ironing damage. Interlink: Equipment. Depth: Aesthetic outcomes.
Washing Operations
Steps: 1. Fill/agitate, 2. Rinse/spin. Ex: Tumbling gentle. Pitfall: High spin wrinkles. Interlink: Drying. Depth: 600rpm optimal.
Institutional Differences
Steps: 1. Assess needs, 2. Customize (hygiene vs. aesthetics). Ex: Hospital sort soiled. Pitfall: Ignore disposables. Interlink: Careers. Depth: 6 sets/bed.
Career Preparation
Steps: 1. Learn fibers, 2. Practical training. Ex: Internship stipends. Pitfall: No machinery knowledge. Interlink: Scope. Depth: Textile specializations.
Stain Removal
Steps: 1. Identify type, 2. Fresh/old treatment. Ex: Ammonia blood. Pitfall: Wrong chemical sets stain. Interlink: Pre-wash. Depth: Fiber-specific.
Commercial Sections
Steps: 1. Sort/receive, 2. Process/pack. Ex: Code tags. Pitfall: Record errors. Interlink: Efficiency. Depth: 100kg loads.
Sustainable Care (Advanced)
Steps: 1. Eco-detergents, 2. Energy-efficient driers. Ex: Low-velocity air. Pitfall: High water use. Interlink: 2025 trends. Depth: Cost savings.
Hospital Process (Advanced)
Steps: 1. Collect, 10. Distribute. Ex: Centrifugal extraction. Pitfall: Contamination. Interlink: Disinfection. Depth: 1800 beds scale.
Dhobi Services (Advanced)
Steps: 1. Collect/wash, 2. Deliver. Ex: Dhobighats. Pitfall: Inconsistent quality. Interlink: Informal economy. Depth: Urban links.
Finishing Techniques (Advanced)
Steps: 1. Iron/press, 2. Fold. Ex: Steam for creases. Pitfall: Overheat scorch. Interlink: Hotels. Depth: Heavier irons for curtains.
Advanced: Ethical checklists, sustainability. Pitfalls: Scale mismatches. Interlinks: To apparel. Real: NCERT activities. Depth: 10 concepts details. Examples: Stats. Graphs: Process table. Errors: Term confusion. Tips: Steps evidence; compare laundries.
Equipment & Processes - Detailed Guide
Timeline of evolutions; expanded with points; links to institutions/debates. Added manual-modern, practical applications.
Washing Machines
Top/front/two-tub; auto levels. Agitation/tumbling. Depth: 5-100kg capacities.
Hydro-Extractors
Centrifugal spin; 60-70% moisture. Post-wash/rinse. Depth: Avoids wrinkles.
Driers
High/low velocity; exhaust systems. Commercial scale. Depth: Humidity control.
Ironing Equipment
Electric/steam; 1.5-3.5kg. Roller/calendaring. Depth: Thermostat safety.
Special Tools
Trolleys/tags; dyeing units. Starch applicators. Depth: Workflow efficiency.
Hospital Setup
100kg washers; disinfection. Mending stations. Depth: Linen bank.
Tip: Link to processes like spinning. Depth: Table comparisons. Examples: Charcoal irons. Graphs: Speed vs. extraction. Advanced: 2025 automated tunnels. Easy: Bullets applications.
Anecdotes & Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations
Expanded with evidence, analysis; focus on applications. Added process impacts, equipment cases.
Example 1: Hospital Linen Scale
Simple Explanation: High volume flow.
Step 1: 1800 beds need 6 sets each.
Step 2: 5+ OT changes/day.
Step 3: Cotton/dyed for fastness.
Step 4: Disinfection priority.
Step 5: Track via receipts.
Simple Way: Constant clean supply saves lives.
Example 2: Washing Agitation
Simple Explanation: Dirt lift-off.
Step 1: Blades create current.
Step 2: Fabric moves in solution.
Step 3: Vary speed for fibers.
Step 4: Rinse prevents dullness.
Step 5: Spin extracts water.
Simple Way: Motion cleans without harm.
Example 3: Commercial Records
Simple Explanation: Error-free service.
Step 1: Check/receipt on receive.
Step 2: Tag items to invoice.
Step 3: Note damages.
Step 4: Deliver matched.
Step 5: Customer trust builds.
Simple Way: Tags track your clothes.
Example 4: Stain: Old Curry
Simple Explanation: Bleach rescue.
Step 1: Soap/sunlight first.
Step 2: Javelle water for cotton.
Step 3: Permanganate/ammonia for silk.
Step 4: Perborate for synthetics.
Step 5: Test on sample.
Simple Way: Right chemical revives fabric.
Example 5: Career Entrepreneurship
Simple Explanation: Start your service.
Step 1: Learn via short course.
Step 2: Buy basic equipment.
Step 3: Target metros/working women.
Step 4: Partner small hospitals.
Step 5: Scale with records.
Simple Way: Clean fabrics, earn independence.
Example 6: Hotel Finishing
Simple Explanation: Crisp appeal.
Step 1: Starch for body.
Step 2: Press creases.
Step 3: Perfect folds.
Step 4: Guest satisfaction.
Step 5: Repeat business.
Simple Way: Looks matter in hospitality.
Tip: Practice self-assess; troubleshoot (e.g., spin speeds). Added for activities, processes.
Interactive Quiz - Master Care and Maintenance of Fabrics
10 MCQs in full sentences; 80%+ goal. Covers equipment, processes, careers.
Start Quiz
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Concise, easy-to-learn summaries for all subtopics. Structured in tables for quick scan: Key points, examples, mnemonics. Covers concepts, equipment, processes. Bold key terms; short phrases for fast reading.
Subtopic
Key Points
Examples
Mnemonics/Tips
Care Aspects Damage prevent/rectify.Stains remove/refresh.Retain properties. Tear mending.
DR (Damage-Refresh). Tip: "Protect & Polish".
Equipment Types Wash : Top/front/auto.Dry : Velocity systems.Iron : Steam/thermostat.600rpm spin.
WDI (Wash-Dry-Iron). Tip: "Cycle Clean".
Operations Agitate /tumble/rinse.Extract 70% moisture.Temp control. Blade current.
ART (Agitate-Rinse-Tumble). Tip: "Motion Matters".
Commercial Sections : Wash/dry/special.100kg loads/tags. Dry-clean wool. Invoice match.
WDS (Wash-Dry-Special). Tip: "Tag & Track".
Hospitals Process : Collect-10 distribute.Disinfect cotton. 6 sets/bed. OT 5 changes.
CDP (Collect-Disinfect-Pack). Tip: "Hygiene First".
Hotels Aesthetics : Starch/fold.Varied fibers. Guest laundry. Crisp linens.
SAF (Starch-Aesthetic-Fold). Tip: "Look Sharp".
Career Knowledge : Fibers/processes.Short courses/intern. Entrepreneur/NGO. Hi-tech hospitals.
FPM (Fibers-Processes-Machinery). Tip: "Skill to Start".
Stains Fresh/Old treatments.Fiber-specific (ammonia blood). Pre-wash. Javelle curry.
FOF (Fresh-Old-Fiber). Tip: "Test & Treat".
Overall Tip: Use DR-WDI-ART for full scan (5 mins). Flashcards: Front (term), Back (points + mnemonic). Print table for wall revision. Covers 100% chapter – easy for exams!
Key Terms & Processes - All Key
Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., Pulsator, Oxalic Acid).
Term/Process Description Example Usage
Laundry Cleaning science/art Wash/ironing Hygiene Agitation Blade current Top-loader Dirt lift Tumbling Cylinder drop Front-loader Gentle Hydro-Extractor Centrifugal spin 70% moisture Post-wash Dhobighat Washing site Urban dhobi Manual Dry-Cleaning Solvent wash Silk/wool Delicates Disinfection Hygiene kill Hospital burn Infection Starching Crisp finish Hotel linen Aesthetics Calendaring Roller smooth Commercial Uniform Linen Bank Storage hub Hospital sort Flow Code Tags Item tracker Invoice Delivery Zari Polishing Luxury shine Embroidery Special Tunnel Washing Continuous Large scale Efficiency Stain Removal Pre-treatment Blood ammonia Prevent set Dhobi Washer pro Home collect Informal Charcoal Iron Coal heat Rural box Traditional Pulsation Vertical rapid Top-loader Movement Javelle Water Chlorine bleach Curry stain Old stains Terico Hospital fabric Doctor coats Durable Bottom-Drain Perforated tub End cycle Extraction Oxalic Acid Acid cleaner Ink old Rinse borax Methylated Spirit Solvent Ball pen Steep wash Potassium Permanganate Oxidizer Curry silk Alternate dip Sodium Perborate Bleach Synthetics Tea old Draw Sheet Bed protector White/green Hospital Face Mask Hygiene item Launder daily Infection Condemned Articles Unusable discard Torn linen Segregate Entrepreneurship Business start Metro laundry Career Hi-Tech Laundry Automated Railways/hotels Jobs Fiber Content Material base Cotton easy Care factor Finishes Treatment effects Water-repel Cleaning
Tip: Examples memory; sort subtopic. Easy: Table scan. Added 30 rows depth.
Laundry Processes Step-by-Step
Step-by-step breakdowns of core processes, structured as full questions followed by detailed answers with steps. Visual descriptions for easy understanding; focus on actionable Q&A with examples from chapter.
Question 1: What is the full hospital laundry process?
Answer:
Step 1: Collect from wards/OT/OPD.
Step 2: Transport to plant/unload/sort (clean/mild/very soiled).
Step 3: Wash in 100kg machines.
Step 4: Hydro-extract 60-70% moisture.
Step 5: Dry.
Step 6: Press/iron/fold/stack.
Step 7: Mend/segregate condemned.
Step 8: Pack.
Step 9: Distribute via records.
Visual: Flowchart – Collect → Sort → Wash → Finish → Return. Example: 5 changes/OT day.
Question 2: How does a washing machine operate?
Answer:
Step 1: Fill water (auto level).
Step 2: Set temp (dial/button).
Step 3: Agitate/tumble for movement.
Step 4: Rinse thoroughly.
Step 5: Extract via spin/drain (600rpm).
Step 6: End cycle.
Visual: Cycle wheel – Fill → Wash → Rinse → Extract. Example: Pulsation for rapid clean.
Question 3: Outline steps for commercial receiving?
Answer:
Step 1: Receive/check damage.
Step 2: Record/invoice items.
Step 3: Tag with code.
Step 4: Sort for sections.
Step 5: Pre-treat stains/mend.
Step 6: Process and match for delivery.
Visual: Checklist – Receive → Tag → Sort. Example: Customer collects in days.
Question 4: How to remove fresh blood stain?
Answer:
Step 1: Soak cold water (cotton).
Step 2: Dilute ammonia wash.
Step 3: Sponge cold for silk/wool.
Step 4: Cold water for synthetics.
Step 5: Rinse/dry test.
Step 6: Compare control.
Visual: Sequence icons – Soak → Treat → Rinse. Example: Prevents protein set.
Question 5: What process prepares for career?
Answer:
Step 1: Study fibers/chemicals.
Step 2: Enroll short course.
Step 3: Gain practical/internship.
Step 4: Specialize Home Science.
Step 5: Venture entrepreneur/NGO.
Step 6: Network hi-tech jobs.
Visual: Ladder – Learn → Train → Launch. Example: Stipend in hotels.
Question 6: How does drying circulation work?
Answer:
Step 1: Air enters over heat.
Step 2: Passes through clothes.
Step 3: Exhausts humidity (high/low velocity).
Step 4: Room temp normal.
Step 5: Slow fan for high humidity.
Step 6: Monitor even dry.
Visual: Arrow flow – Intake → Heat → Clothes → Exhaust. Example: Prevents shrinkage.
Tip: Treat as FAQ; apply to practicals. Easy: Q → Steps + Visual. Full Q&A for exam-like practice.
CBSE Class 12 kits Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 marks: Calculus, shared with Part II 10 marks: Algebra, Ch 3–4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 6 principal branches of inverse trig Every derivative rule with its condition Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 30 marks: answer frames for आरोह 40 marks outside the book, mapped 15 writers on one timeline Unseen passage question types 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 12 exam traps, listed 22 of 105 marks on offer: CAS overview Most asked item: error values What Q27–34 ask, answer by answer Every Excel function, result checked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 13 literary terms and devices 9 genres, each defined Writers' dates and works, by page Five ghazals and four nazms covered 10 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 23 marks in the four papers: Vector Algebra Integral tables with properties P0–P7 3 methods for differential equations 8 marks: Probability, with Bayes' theorem Patterns the board repeats, by chapter Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 9 board questions in one place 22 marks: Section B formats 3 lessons: characters and symbols for each Event order for each lesson, with pages 12 common mistakes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 20 marks: grammar, 4 × 1 per part Sandhi, samasa, pratyaya from the text Upapada-vibhakti and vachya examples Anvaya and bhavartha answer method Literature intro: epics, prose, champu Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 34 marks in 4 papers: Magnetism, Ch 4–5 33 marks in 4 papers: Induction and AC 26 marks in 4 papers: Current Electricity Every formula with its page number What each 2025 board paper asked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 38 board marks: prose 4–8 37 board marks: poems 1–5 22 marks: खंड ख, with answer frames 17 writers on one timeline 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 15 marks: grammar from the lessons 6 metres with their gana-sutras 6 figures of speech (अलङ्कार) 20 shlokas of रघुकौत्ससंवादः, upajati metre Literary history in tables, epic to drama Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 22 marks across four papers: Wave Optics 22 marks: Dual Nature, with 4-mark cases Common traps that cost marks, listed 13 marks each: Atoms and Nuclei 7 marks in all four papers: Semiconductors Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 7 exercise, 3 board answers for lesson 1 5-mark answers in about 100 words Three model 5-mark answers Malwa's rivers and rainfall figures 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Author, genre and summary, lesson by lesson Verse meanings: پرچھائیاں, اپنے گھر کا حال Essay, letter and precis writing Map of the question paper 8 common mistakes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 7 marks each: the other four units 37 of 70 theory marks across 5 units Mixed traps, corrected Seven board sums, worked stepwise Every data table, with page numbers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Chekhov, Basheer and Nirmal Verma introduced کلرک کی موت: 1 sneeze, 5 apologies Event order and characters for each story 3 stories compared in one table Method for writing board answers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 20 marks: SQL and databases, Unit 3 10 marks: Networks, Unit 2 7 chapters: every output run and checked Stack algorithms and output questions Text, binary and CSV file programs Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 7 marks in every paper: Biomolecules 6 marks in each 2025 set: Haloalkanes Common traps that cost marks, listed 4–5-mark question every paper: Alcohols Named reactions, reagents, conditions Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 24 of 92 board marks: Bengal School 20 of 92 board marks: Mughal School Common traps that cost marks, listed 17 of 92 board marks: Rajasthani Schools 11 of 92: modern art, mostly 2-markers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 30 theory marks, all five units Bhairav, Bageshri, Malkauns in full Jhaptal, Rupak, Dhamar: dugun to chaugun Sangeet Ratnakar and Parijat, by chapter Tuning the tanpura and the sitar Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 16 marks: Reproduction, Unit VI 12 marks each: Units VIII and IX 10 marks: Ecology, Unit X 13 chapters, with page numbers Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 of 140 board marks: SQL functions 20 board marks: networks and the web Common traps, corrected 12 board marks: Matplotlib plots Every statement with its exact output Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 12 exam traps, listed 65 board marks: Admission of a Partner 26 board marks: Dissolution 22 board marks: Retirement/Death Goodwill formulas with the book's figures Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 40 marks: Unit V, rDNA and genomes 30 marks: Unit VI, culture and bioprocess 10 syllabus chapters: every vector, enzyme PCR, blots and DNA fingerprinting Every number tied to its book page Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 15 marks in every 2025 set: share capital 9 marks in every 2025 set: debentures Common traps that cost marks, listed 6-mark cash flow in every paper 5 marks in every 2025 set: ratios Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Elements of a poem and a story, Unit 1 Feature and article writing, Unit 2 Radio and TV script rules, with marks Steps and types of translation, Unit 3 Levels of editing, Unit 4 Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 8 chapters ranked by what the board asked 31 marks: Organising, a 6-marker every set 30 marks in 4 papers: nature of management 14 principles of Fayol Case cues the board keeps using Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 16 of 60 board marks: taal comparison 12 of 60 board marks: gharanas 13 thekas, from thah to chaugun 6 marks: history of the tabla, Unit 3 4 biographies, with dates Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 15 marks each: Units 9–10 and 11–12 4 Ps of marketing, Unit 11 Consumer Protection Act 2019 tiers, appeals Capital structure with EBIT-EPS examples The three financial decisions, every factor Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 10 marks: National Income Accounting 3 methods for GDP, with identities M1–M4 and credit creation, Ch 3 Every deficit measure of the budget, Ch 5 6 chapters: every formula, board numerical Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 12 marks: Unit 6, Ch 1–3 8 marks: Unit 8, India-China-Pakistan Every committee, policy and date, by chapter Data tables with the book's own numbers Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 23 of 100 marks: Thinkers, Beliefs, Buildings 22 of 100 board marks: Harappa 20 of 100 marks: Kinship, Caste and Class 8-mark answer: Theme 2 in 3 of 4 papers 5 marks: the Part I map list Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 24 of 100 board marks: Vijayanagara 24 of 100 marks: Mughal village, Theme 8 Q24 from Vijayanagara in every 2025 set 3 of 4 papers: source question on travellers 5 marks: the two map lists Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 1857 and National Movement map items Constituent Assembly committees table Gandhiji 1915–1931: Champaran to Salt March Permanent Settlement and the Fifth Report Bombay Deccan: ryotwari and the 1875 riots Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 17 of 120 marks each: industry, services 15 of 120 marks: Primary Activities 14 of 120 marks: Transport 5 marks: world map work HDI, rail and internet data as charts Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 20 board marks in 4 papers: Population 14 board marks: Minerals and Energy 13 of the 28 map items asked: minerals 10 marks: Unit III, Ch 3–6 Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 18 marks: Ch 1–3, data and diagrams 7 marks: GIS, Ch 4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 5 marks: file and viva Mean, median and mode, fully worked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 22 textbook marks: how each is asked 3 stories: 10 marks in the sample paper Common traps that cost marks, listed 9 poems side by side, with devices 5 essays, each argument set out Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 6-marker in 3 of 4 papers: Security 4-marker in all 4 papers: Environment 6-marker in 3 of 4 papers: centres of power 2 papers asked UN cartoons 7 chapters: dates, treaties, leaders Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 8 marks: Chapter 8, 1989 to 2019 6 marks each: Chapters 1, 4 and 7 State-formation and war timelines Party tables and election results Map clues the board uses Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 10 marks for each of the four chapters Demography formulas for Ch 2 Sex-ratio and age tables from the book 10 must-know facts with a self-check Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 10 marks each: Units 11, 12 and 15 5 marks each: Units 8 and 9 4 processes of cultural change, in a table Land reforms table, Chapter 4 Types of social movements, in one table Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 26 board marks each: Ch 1 and Ch 2 22 of 140 board marks: disorders, Ch 4 20 of 140 board marks: therapies, Ch 5 6-mark questions on Freud, RET and Beck IQ bands and twin correlations from the book Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 5 poems: Q7 is always one of these 4 writing formats, 18 marks Common traps, corrected 8 prose pieces: events, characters, themes Poetic devices with short quotes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 12 marks: unseen passage Q1, decoded 10 marks: case-based passage Q2, decoded Common traps that cost marks, listed Every character, with evidence and quotes 7 texts: plot timelines for each Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 38 of the 70 theory marks: Ch 1–7 10 marks: Unit III, ECCE to elderly Common traps that cost marks, listed 5 marks: Unit I, work and careers 2025 paper and SQP: ranked by what they asked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 17 marks: Unit IV Fabric and Apparel 10 marks: Unit V Resource Management 2025 board questions mapped to each chapter Every consumer right and standard mark Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Get alerts for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
Dates, results and cutoffs, by email when they are announced. Free.
Google, Apple, or a code to your phone or email. It is saved to your account.
This chapter is part of the CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Board Examination Explore every chapter — summary, notes, extra questions & MCQ quizzes Preparing for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination? Students also sit JEE is set on the Class 11 and 12 Physics, Chemistry and Maths syllabus; students prepare for boards and JEE together.
Tests are played signed in — sign in (free, 10 seconds) so your attempts, rank and XP are saved to you #1
The Last Lesson
Start here
#2
Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#3
#4
Challenges of Nation Building
#5
#6
#7
#8
Human Geography: Nature and Scope
#9
Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
#18
#19
#20
Journey to the End of the Earth
#21
#22
#23
#24
#25
#26
#27
#28
#29
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
#30
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
#31
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
#32
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
#33
Introducing Indian Society
#34
#35
Security in the Contemporary World
#36
International Trade (India)
#37
Transport and Communication (India)
#38
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
#39
#40
Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#41
Theory of Consumer Behaviour
#42
#43
#44
Nature and Significance of Management
#45
Dissolution of Partnership Firm
#46
Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
#47
Three Dimensional Geometry
#48
Continuity and Differentiability
#49
#50
#51
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
#52
#53
#54
#55
#56
#57
Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#58
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#59
#60
An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
#61
#62
Social Influence and Group Processes
#63
Attitude and Social Cognition
#64
#65
#66
#67
Variations in Psychological Attributes
#68
#69
Mass Media and Communications
#70
Globalisation and Social Change
#71
Change and Development in Industrial Society
#72
Change and Development in Rural Society
#73
The Constitution and Social Change
#74
The Market as a Social Institution
#75
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
#76
The Crisis of Democratic Order
#77
Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
#78
India's External Relations
#79
Politics of Planned Development
#80
Era of One-party Dominance
#81
Environment and Natural Resources
#82
International Organisations
#83
#84
Contemporary Centres of Power
#85
Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
#86
Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context
#87
Mineral and Energy Resources
#88
#89
Land Resources and Agriculture
#90
#91
Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
#92
#93
#94
The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth
#95
Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era
#96
Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond
#97
Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations
#98
Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives
#99
Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)
#100
An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century)
#101
Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century)
#102
Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)
#103
Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#104
Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#105
Open Economy Macroeconomics
#106
Government Budget and the Economy
#107
Determination of Income and Employment
#108
National Income Accounting
#109
#110
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition
#111
#112
#113
#114
#115
#116
#117
#118
#119
#120
#121
#122
Analysis of Financial Statements
#123
Financial Statements of a Company
#124
Issue and Redemption of Debentures
#125
Accounting for Share Capital
#126
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner
#127
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
#128
#129
#130
#131
#132
#133
#134
Application of Derivatives
#135
Biodiversity and its Conservation
#136
#137
Organisms and Populations
#138
Biotechnology and its Applications
#139
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
#140
Microbes in Human Welfare
#141
#142
#143
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
#144
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
#145
#146
#147
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
#148
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
#149
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
#150
#151
The d- and f-Block Elements
#152
#153
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
#154
#155
#156
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
#157
#158
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
#159
#160
#161
Electromagnetic Induction
#162
#163
Moving Charges and Magnetism
#164
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
#165
Electric Charges and Fields
#166
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution
#167
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants
#168
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties
#169
#170
CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field
#171
Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
More on CBSE Class 12 Board Examination20 guides How to Score Good Marks in Class 12 CBSE: Marks Map by Stream CBSE Class 12 Pre-Board Marks: Do They Count, and What to Do If Low Complete Summary and Solutions for Database Concepts – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 8 – File Systems, DBMS, Relational Models, Keys, SQL Introduction, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Consumer Education and Protection – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 12 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Supplementary Chemistry Material – NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part I Supplementary Resources – Additional Examples, Problems, and Explanations Complete Summary and Solutions for Project Based Learning – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 13 – Project Planning, Implementation, Presentation, Documentation, and Evaluation Complete Summary and Solutions for Querying and SQL Functions – NCERT Class XII Informatics Practices, Chapter 1 – Explanation, Questions, Answers अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-16 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – तुलसीदास: (क) भरत-राम का प्रेम, (ख) पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-17 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी: बारहमासा अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-15 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विष्णु खरे: (क) सत्य, (ख) एक कम अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-11 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) काव्य खंड – जयशंकर प्रसाद: (क) देवसेना का गीत, (ख) कार्नेलिया का गीत – संपूर्ण सारांश, व्याख्या, प्रश्न और उत्तर अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विद्यापति: पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-12 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’: (क) गीत गाने दो मुझे, (ख) सरोज-स्मृति अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-10 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – कुकुआन: दोह Notebook backup + AI Save your notes. Revise with AI. Learn more → Share this article
