Change and Development in Rural Society
Class 12 Sociology · Social Change and Development in India · Chapter 4
CBSE Class 12 Board Examination community
View all
Sociology
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Sociology
Physics, Chemistry, Maths + English
8~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Mathematics
- Physics
- + 3 more
Physics, Chemistry, Biology + English
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Physics
- Chemistry
- + 3 more
Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
9~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Accountancy
- Business Studies
- + 3 more
Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Physics
History
3~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- History
Hindi Elective
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- हिंदी
Mathematics
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Mathematics
Economics
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Economics
Home Science
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Home Science
Urdu Elective
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- اردو
- Urdu Elective
Geography
3~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Geography
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Accountancy
English Core
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Flamingo
- Vistas
Political Science
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Political Science
Chemistry
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Chemistry
Business Studies
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Business Studies
Hindi Core
2~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- हिंदी
Mathematics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (आधार)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
اردو (اختیاری)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Mathematics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (आधार)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
اردو (کور)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Chemistry
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Urdu Elective
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Computer Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Chemistry
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Fine Art · Painting
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Biology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Informatics Practices
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Biotechnology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Business Studies
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Business Studies
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Economics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Economics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Elective · Kaleidoscope
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Political Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Political Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Psychology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Core · Flamingo
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Core · Vistas
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Summary
India is primarily a rural society, with the majority living in villages and depending on agriculture, which is not merely a livelihood but a way of life reflected in harvest festivals like Pongal, Bihu, Baisakhi and Ugadi. Agricultural land is the most important resource and form of property, but it is very unequally distributed; access to land shapes the rural class structure of landowners, tenants and landless labourers, who are often underemployed and paid below the minimum wage. Caste and class roughly overlap: the major landowning groups are usually the 'dominant castes', while Dalits and adivasis form most of the marginal farmers and agricultural labourers. Under colonialism the zamindari and raiyatwari systems shaped landholding. After Independence land reforms — abolition of zamindari (the most effective), tenancy reforms, and land ceiling acts (largely ineffective due to loopholes and benami transfers) — sought to make the structure more equal. The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 70s raised productivity and made India self-sufficient in food grains, but mainly benefited medium and large farmers in irrigated regions, displaced tenants and service castes, and increased inequalities and a process of 'differentiation'. Post-Independence changes include a shift from patronage to exploitation in labour relations, the circulation of migrant 'footloose' labour, the feminisation of agricultural labour, and the effects of globalisation and liberalisation — contract farming, dependence on costly inputs, and agrarian distress including farmer suicides.
Key terms
Agrarian structure
The structure or distribution of landholding that shapes the rural class structure.
Land reforms
Laws to abolish zamindari, regulate tenancy and impose land ceilings to reduce inequality.
Green Revolution
The 1960s-70s programme of agricultural modernisation using high-yielding seeds and inputs.
Differentiation
The process by which the rich grew richer and many poor stagnated or grew poorer.
Footloose labour
Jan Breman's term for insecure migrant labourers circulating in search of work.
Contract farming
A system in which companies contract farmers to grow specified crops for a fixed price.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Agriculture is described as a way of life because: