What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

Are global interconnections new to India? Explain.

No — India was linked to the world through the Silk Route, colonialism and migration; what is distinctive about modern globalisation is its scale, intensity and the communication revolution.

How are liberalisation and globalisation related but not identical?

Liberalisation is the set of policy decisions taken since 1991 to open the Indian economy; globalisation is the wider worldwide stretching of relationships that such policies promote.

What are transnational corporations and why are they important to globalisation?

TNCs are companies that produce goods or services in more than one country; they are oriented to global markets and profits and are a major driving force of economic globalisation.

What is meant by the weightless or knowledge economy?

An economy in which products are based on information — such as software, media and internet services — and much of the workforce is engaged in design, development, marketing and servicing rather than physical production.

What is the digital divide?

The unequal access of different sections of people to computers, the internet and communication technologies, sharply visible between urban and rural India.

Explain the new international division of labour using the example of Nike.

Routine production shifts to wherever labour is cheapest — Nike moved production from Japan to South Korea, then Thailand, Indonesia and India — making labour insecure and reflecting post-Fordist flexible production.

Distinguish between homogenisation and glocalisation of culture.

Homogenisation is the view that all cultures become similar; glocalisation is the mixing of the global with the local, as when foreign channels use Indian languages or McDonald's sells vegetarian food.

How does globalisation threaten indigenous crafts and knowledge systems?

Competition from power looms and mass media has displaced weavers, theatre groups and traditional entertainers, while patenting of traditional knowledge like turmeric and basmati endangers indigenous systems.

What political changes are associated with globalisation?

The collapse of the socialist world hastened it, neo-liberal policies spread, and regional bodies (EU, ASEAN, SAARC) and international governmental and non-governmental organisations grew in importance.

Globalisation and Social Change

Q: What is globalisation?

The growing interdependence between people, regions and countries as social and economic relationships stretch worldwide, driven above all by information and communication technologies.

Class 12 Sociology · Social Change and Development in India · Chapter 6

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CBSE Class 12 · Sociology

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CBSE Class 12 · Sociology

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Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence between people, regions and countries as social and economic relationships stretch worldwide. Sociology uses the sociological imagination to connect the local and the global, the micro and the macro — showing how WTO rules or imported goods affect a remote farmer or a neighbourhood grocer. Global interconnections are not entirely new: India was linked to the world through the Silk Route, colonialism, and migration. What is distinctive about contemporary globalisation is its intensity and the communication revolution driving it. In India globalisation is closely tied to liberalisation, the range of policies adopted since 1991 to open the economy, often under conditions attached to IMF loans (structural adjustment). The chapter outlines the economic dimensions — transnational corporations (TNCs), the electronic and weightless or knowledge economy, the globalisation of finance, global communications and the digital divide, and a new international division of labour (illustrated by Nike) producing flexible, post-Fordist production. Politically, globalisation followed the collapse of the socialist world and is linked to neo-liberal policies, the rise of regional bodies (EU, ASEAN, SAARC) and international governmental and non-governmental organisations. Culturally, it raises debates over homogenisation versus glocalisation (the mixing of global and local, as when McDonald's goes vegetarian), the culture of consumption and corporate culture, gender, and threats to indigenous crafts, knowledge systems and traditional entertainers.

Key terms

Globalisation

The growing worldwide interdependence of people, regions and countries.

Liberalisation

Policies adopted in India since 1991 to open the economy to the world market.

Transnational corporation

A company that produces goods or services in more than one country.

Glocalisation

The mixing of the global with the local, often as a marketing strategy.

Digital divide

The unequal access of different groups to information and communication technologies.

Knowledge economy

A weightless economy based on information, design, services and technology.

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Globalisation refers to the growing:

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Globalisation and Social Change

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Practice quiz · Globalisation and Social Change

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