Secondary Activities
Class 12 Geography · Fundamentals of Human Geography · Chapter 5
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3Physics, Chemistry, Maths + English
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- Mathematics
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Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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2Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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Accountancy
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اردو (اختیاری)
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Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
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Physics
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
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संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
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Physics
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
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اردو (کور)
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Chemistry
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Urdu Elective
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Computer Science
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Chemistry
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Fine Art · Painting
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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Biology
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Informatics Practices
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Accountancy
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Biotechnology
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Accountancy
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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Business Studies
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
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Business Studies
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Economics
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Economics
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History
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History
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History
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English Elective · Kaleidoscope
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Political Science
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Political Science
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Sociology
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Sociology
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Psychology
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English Core · Flamingo
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English Core · Vistas
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Home Science
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Home Science
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Summary
Secondary activities add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into more valuable products — cotton becomes yarn and cloth, iron ore becomes steel. They cover manufacturing, processing and construction. Modern large-scale manufacturing is marked by specialisation of skills and mass production, mechanisation and automation, technological innovation, complex organisational structure with division of labour, and a very uneven geographic distribution concentrated on a small share of the world's land. Industries seek to minimise cost, so location is influenced by access to market, raw material, labour, energy, transport and communication, government policy and agglomeration economies; footloose industries can locate almost anywhere because they depend on components and road access rather than heavy raw materials. Industries are classified by size (household or cottage, small-scale, large-scale), by inputs or raw materials (agro-based, mineral-based, chemical-based, forest-based, animal-based), by output (basic industries supplying other industries versus consumer-goods industries), and by ownership (public, private and joint sector). Household industry is the smallest unit using local materials and family labour; small-scale manufacturing uses a workshop, local materials and semi-skilled labour; large-scale manufacturing needs a large market, varied raw materials, energy, advanced technology and assembly-line production. High-technology (high-tech) industry applies intensive research and development with professional white-collar workers, robotics and computer-aided design, and regionally concentrated, specialised high-tech complexes are called technopolies, such as Silicon Valley.
Key terms
Secondary activities
Activities that add value to raw materials by transforming them into finished goods through manufacturing, processing and construction.
Footloose industries
Industries that can locate in a wide variety of places because they depend on components and road access rather than heavy raw materials.
Agglomeration economies
Savings and benefits that industries gain by locating near a leading industry and linked industries.
Basic industries
Industries whose products are used as raw materials to make other goods, such as iron and steel.
High-tech industry
The latest generation of manufacturing using intensive research and development, robotics and skilled professional workers.
Technopolies
Regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised high-tech industrial regions, such as Silicon Valley.
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Secondary activities are concerned with: