Primary Activities
Class 12 Geography · Fundamentals of Human Geography · Chapter 4
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Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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History
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Summary
Economic activities are grouped into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, and primary activities depend directly on the environment by using earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation and minerals. They include hunting and gathering, pastoralism, agriculture, and mining. Gathering and hunting are the oldest activities, practised in harsh climates with low technology, little capital and almost no surplus; modern market-oriented gathering supplies leaves, bark and medicinal plants but cannot compete with synthetics. Pastoralism ranges from nomadic herding, a subsistence activity involving transhumance between mountains and plains, to capital-intensive commercial livestock ranching on fenced ranches in countries like Australia and the USA. Agriculture takes many forms: primitive subsistence or shifting (slash-and-burn) cultivation called jhum or milpa; intensive subsistence agriculture of monsoon Asia (often wet-paddy); plantation agriculture of single cash crops introduced by Europeans; extensive commercial grain farming on huge mechanised mid-latitude farms; mixed farming combining crops and livestock; dairy farming near urban markets; Mediterranean agriculture famous for viticulture and citrus; and market gardening and horticulture of high-value vegetables, fruits and flowers, including truck and factory farming. Farming may also be organised as co-operative or collective (Kolkhoz) farming. Mining, which expanded with the Industrial Revolution, depends on physical factors (size, grade, mode of occurrence) and economic factors (demand, technology, capital, labour and transport), and uses surface (open-cast) or underground (shaft) methods.
Key terms
Shifting cultivation
Primitive subsistence farming in which forest patches are cleared and burnt, cultivated briefly, then abandoned; also called slash-and-burn.
Transhumance
The seasonal movement of herders and livestock between mountain pastures in summer and plains in winter.
Plantation agriculture
Large-estate, single-crop commercial farming of crops like tea, coffee and rubber, introduced by Europeans in the tropics.
Commercial livestock ranching
Organised, capital-intensive rearing of one type of animal on large fenced ranches for meat, wool and hides.
Viticulture
The cultivation of grapes, a speciality of Mediterranean agriculture.
Open-cast mining
Surface mining of minerals lying close to the ground, which is cheap, large and rapid in output.
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