Transport and Communication
Class 12 Geography · India People and Economy · Chapter 7
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Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
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Geography
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Urdu Elective
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History
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History
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Home Science
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Summary
Transport carries goods from their site of production to consumers, while communication carries ideas, views and messages. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, carrying about 85 per cent of passenger and 70 per cent of freight traffic; roads are classified as National Highways (maintained by the centre and managed by the NHAI), State Highways, major district roads, rural roads and other roads such as border and international highways built by the Border Roads Organisation. Major projects include the Golden Quadrilateral linking Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, the North-South and East-West Corridors, and Bharatmala Pariyojana. Indian Railways, introduced in 1853 between Bombay and Thane, is one of the longest networks, divided into 17 zones, with broad, metre and narrow gauges; the Konkan Railway is an engineering marvel. Water transport includes inland waterways (national waterways on the Ganga, Brahmaputra and the west-coast canal) and oceanic routes, through which about 95 per cent of foreign trade by volume moves. Air transport, begun in 1911 between Prayagraj and Naini, is the fastest mode, supported by the Airports Authority of India, the UDAN scheme and Pawan Hans helicopter services. Oil and gas pipelines, run by OIL and GAIL, efficiently carry liquids and gases. Communication networks range from personal systems like the internet to mass systems like radio (Akashwani), television (Doordarshan) and satellite systems INSAT and IRS.
Key terms
National Highways
Main roads built and maintained by the central government for inter-state and strategic transport, managed by the NHAI.
Golden Quadrilateral
A high-density highway corridor connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
Konkan Railway
A 760-km coastal rail route from Roha to Mangalore, an engineering marvel completed in 1998.
National Waterways
Designated inland water routes for transport, such as NW1 on the Ganga from Prayagraj to Haldia.
INSAT
The Indian National Satellite System, a multipurpose system for telecommunication and meteorology.
Border Roads Organisation
The agency that builds and maintains strategic roads along the northern and north-eastern borders.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Indian Railways system is divided into how many zones?