International Trade
Class 12 Geography · Fundamentals of Human Geography · Chapter 8
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Fine Art · Painting
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Summary
International trade is the voluntary exchange of goods and services among countries across national boundaries, and it benefits both partners because no country is self-sufficient. Trade began with the barter system, whose difficulties were overcome by money, once represented by rare objects like cowrie shells and salt. Historically the Silk Route was an early example of long-distance trade; European colonialism added the cruel slave trade, abolished in the early nineteenth century, and after the Industrial Revolution industrial nations imported raw materials and exported finished goods. International trade rests on the principle of comparative advantage and on differences in national resources (geology, minerals, climate), population factors (cultural skills and size), the stage of economic development, foreign investment and transport. Balance of trade records the value of imports and exports; a country has a favourable balance when exports exceed imports and an unfavourable one when imports exceed exports. Trade may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (with many). Free trade or trade liberalisation lowers barriers like tariffs, but countries must guard against dumping. The World Trade Organisation, which replaced GATT in 1995, sets the rules of global trade and resolves disputes, though it is criticised for favouring rich nations. Regional trade blocs encourage trade among neighbouring countries. The chief gateways of trade are ports, classified by cargo handled, location and specialised function.
Key terms
International trade
The exchange of goods and services among countries across national boundaries.
Comparative advantage
The principle that countries gain by specialising in producing goods they can make relatively more efficiently.
Balance of trade
The record of the value of goods and services a country imports and exports.
Dumping
Selling a commodity in two countries at prices that differ for reasons not related to costs.
World Trade Organisation
The international body that sets the rules of global trade and resolves disputes, which replaced GATT in 1995.
Entrepot port
A collection-centre port where goods are brought from different countries for re-export, such as Singapore.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Trade between two countries is termed: