Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
Class 12 Geography · India People and Economy · Chapter 9
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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Accountancy
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اردو (اختیاری)
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Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
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Physics
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
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संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
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Physics
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
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اردو (کور)
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Chemistry
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Urdu Elective
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Computer Science
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Chemistry
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Fine Art · Painting
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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Biology
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Informatics Practices
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Accountancy
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Biotechnology
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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Business Studies
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
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Business Studies
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Economics
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Economics
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History
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History
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History
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English Elective · Kaleidoscope
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Political Science
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Sociology
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Sociology
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Psychology
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English Core · Flamingo
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English Core · Vistas
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Home Science
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Home Science
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Summary
Environmental pollution results from the release of substances and energy from the waste products of human activities, and is classified by the medium of transport into air, water, land and noise pollution. Water pollution arises mainly from industry, along with agriculture and cultural activities, when effluents, chemicals and wastes deteriorate water quality and exceed its self-purifying capacity; the Yamuna and the Ganga are among the most polluted rivers, and the Namami Gange Programme works to clean the Ganga. Air pollution adds contaminants such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, carbon monoxide and lead from burning fossil fuels, mining and industry, causing respiratory and other diseases, smog and acid rain. Noise pollution from traffic, industry, aircraft and loudspeakers is location-specific and declines with distance. Urban waste disposal is a serious problem because growing solid waste from households and industries is often left uncollected, creating health hazards, while industrial waste dumped in rivers pollutes water. Rural-urban migration, driven by push and pull factors, swells city populations and the poor often bypass small cities for mega cities, creating slums such as Dharavi with dilapidated housing, poor sanitation and social exclusion. Land degradation through soil erosion, waterlogging, salinity and alkalinity reduces productive capacity and creates wastelands; watershed management with community participation, as in Jhabua district, helps restore land and livelihoods.
Key terms
Pollution
The release of harmful substances and energy from the waste products of human activities.
Pollutant
The substance, such as smoke, effluent or noise, that causes pollution.
Namami Gange Programme
A government programme launched to clean the Ganga by treating sewage and effluents and restoring the river.
Slum
A residential area of dilapidated houses, poor hygiene and lack of basic amenities, such as Dharavi.
Rural-urban migration
The movement of people from villages to cities driven by push and pull factors.
Land degradation
A temporary or permanent decline in the productive capacity of land due to erosion, waterlogging or salinity.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Pollution is best described as: