Planning
Class 12 Business Studies · Business Studies Part I · Chapter 4
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Business Studies
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Physics, Chemistry, Maths + English
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- Physics
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Physics, Chemistry, Biology + English
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- Chemistry
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Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
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- Business Studies
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Business Studies
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Business Studies
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Physics
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History
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Hindi Elective
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Mathematics
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Sociology
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Economics
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Home Science
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Urdu Elective
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- Urdu Elective
Geography
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Accountancy
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English Core
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- Vistas
Political Science
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Chemistry
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Hindi Core
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Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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Accountancy
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اردو (اختیاری)
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Mathematics
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हिंदी (आधार)
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संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
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Physics
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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اردو (کور)
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Chemistry
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Urdu Elective
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Computer Science
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Chemistry
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Fine Art · Painting
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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Biology
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Informatics Practices
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Accountancy
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Biotechnology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
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Economics
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Economics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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English Elective · Kaleidoscope
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Political Science
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Political Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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Psychology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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English Core · Flamingo
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English Core · Vistas
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Summary
Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do it; it bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go. It is the primary function of management and the basis of all other functions. The importance of planning lies in providing direction, reducing the risks of uncertainty, reducing overlapping and wasteful activities, promoting innovative ideas, facilitating decision-making and establishing standards for controlling. Its features are: planning focuses on achieving objectives; it is a primary function; it is pervasive across levels and departments; it is continuous; it is futuristic; it involves decision-making; and it is a mental exercise. Planning also has limitations — it leads to rigidity, may not work in a dynamic environment, reduces creativity, involves huge costs, is time-consuming and does not guarantee success. The planning process follows logical steps: setting objectives, developing premises (assumptions about the future), identifying alternative courses of action, evaluating alternatives, selecting an alternative, implementing the plan and follow-up action. Plans are of several types. Single-use plans (budget, programme, project) serve a one-time event, while standing plans (objective, strategy, policy, procedure, method, rule) are used repeatedly. Objectives are desired end results, a strategy is a comprehensive plan, a policy is a general guide to action, a procedure gives the steps, a method gives the manner, a rule is a specific do/don't statement, a programme is a detailed scheme and a budget is a numerical statement of expected results.
Meaning and concept of planningImportance of planningFeatures of planningLimitations of planningProcess of planningTypes of plans
Key terms
Planning
Deciding in advance what to do and how to do it; the primary function of management.
Premises
Assumptions about the future on which a plan is based.
Objective
The desired end result that the management seeks to achieve.
Strategy
A comprehensive plan for achieving an organisation's objectives.
Policy
A general statement that guides thinking and channels energy in decision-making.
Budget
A statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms; also a control device.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Regional planning relates to: