What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

Who is called the father of general management?

Henri Fayol, who gave the fourteen principles of management.

Who is called the father of scientific management?

F.W. Taylor, who applied science to the shop floor to raise efficiency.

State the principle of unity of command.

Each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one superior only.

What is the gang plank?

A shortcut in the scalar chain that allows two employees at the same level to communicate directly in urgent cases.

Differentiate authority and responsibility.

Authority is the right to give orders; responsibility is the obligation to perform the assigned duty; they must balance.

State Taylor's principle of harmony, not discord.

There should be complete harmony and mutual cooperation between management and workers, not conflict.

Name any two techniques of scientific management.

Functional foremanship and the differential piece-wage system (also standardisation, method/motion/time study).

What is the differential piece-wage system?

Paying efficient workers a higher wage rate per piece and inefficient workers a lower rate, to motivate efficiency.

How do principles help managers?

They provide insight, ensure optimum resource use, support scientific decisions and aid management training.

Principles of Management

Q: What is a principle of management?

It is a broad and general guideline for managerial decision-making and behaviour.

Class 12 Business Studies · Business Studies Part I · Chapter 2

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Summary

Principles of management are broad, general guidelines for managerial decision-making and behaviour. They are formed by observation and experiment, are general guidelines (not rigid rules), are flexible, mainly behavioural, cause-and-effect relationships and contingent on the situation. Their significance lies in providing useful insight, optimum use of resources, scientific decisions, meeting changing requirements, fulfilling social responsibility and supporting management training. Henri Fayol, regarded as the father of general management, gave fourteen principles: division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interest, remuneration of employees, centralisation and decentralisation, scalar chain (with the gang plank for quick horizontal communication), order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative and esprit de corps. F.W. Taylor, the father of scientific management, sought to replace rule of thumb with science. His principles were science not rule of thumb, harmony not discord, cooperation not individualism, and development of each worker to greatest efficiency and prosperity. His techniques included functional foremanship, standardisation and simplification of work, method, motion, time and fatigue study, and the differential piece-wage system. Together, Fayol and Taylor laid the foundations of modern management thought.

Meaning and nature of principlesSignificance of principlesFayol's fourteen principlesTaylor's scientific managementPrinciples of scientific managementTechniques of scientific management

Key terms

Principle of management

A broad and general guideline for managerial decision-making and behaviour.

Unity of command

An employee should receive orders from one superior only, to avoid confusion.

Scalar chain

The formal line of authority from highest to lowest rank; the gang plank allows quick lateral contact.

Esprit de corps

Management should promote team spirit and harmony among employees.

Scientific management

Taylor's approach of applying science and experiment to improve work efficiency.

Functional foremanship

Taylor's technique of having eight specialised foremen supervise different aspects of work.

Extra questions & answers

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A principle of management is best described as:

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