What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

Controlling means ensuring that activities in an organisation are performed as per plans to achieve goals.

Why is controlling a goal-oriented function?

Because it measures progress towards goals and brings deviations to light so that goals can be achieved.

State one importance of controlling.

It helps accomplish organisational goals (also judges accuracy of standards and ensures efficient use of resources).

State one limitation of controlling.

It is difficult to set quantitative standards for behaviour (also little control over external factors and high cost).

Why are planning and controlling called inseparable twins?

Planning sets the standards for control, and control makes plans succeed; neither is meaningful without the other.

List the steps in the controlling process.

Setting standards, measuring performance, comparing with standards, analysing deviations and taking corrective action.

What is critical point control?

Focusing control effort on key result areas that are critical to the organisation's success.

What is management by exception?

A principle of attending only to significant deviations that go beyond the permissible limit.

Name any two traditional techniques of control.

Personal observation and budgetary control (also statistical reports and breakeven analysis).

Name any two modern techniques of control.

Return on investment and management audit (also ratio analysis, responsibility accounting, PERT/CPM, MIS).

Controlling

Class 12 Business Studies · Business Studies Part I · Chapter 8

163 members in the CBSE community

View all

CBSE Class 12 · Business Studies

Directing: 37 marks in 4 papers, the most

Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each
8 chapters ranked by what the board asked
31 marks: Organising, a 6-marker every set
30 marks in 4 papers: nature of management
14 principles of Fayol
Case cues the board keeps using

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

CBSE Class 12 · Business Studies

Financial Markets: 26 marks, not in NCERT

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each
15 marks each: Units 9–10 and 11–12
4 Ps of marketing, Unit 11
Consumer Protection Act 2019 tiers, appeals
Capital structure with EBIT-EPS examples
The three financial decisions, every factor

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

View all 46 amazing Marks Booster kits →

Summary

Controlling means ensuring that the activities in an organisation are performed as per the plans, so that resources are used effectively and predetermined goals are achieved. It is a goal-oriented, pervasive function performed by managers at every level, and it brings the management cycle back to planning by analysing how far performance deviates from standards. The importance of controlling lies in accomplishing organisational goals, judging the accuracy of standards, making efficient use of resources, improving employee motivation, ensuring order and discipline and facilitating coordination in action. Controlling also has limitations: difficulty in setting quantitative standards, little control over external factors, resistance from employees and the fact that it can be a costly affair, especially for small firms. Planning and controlling are inseparable twins — planning provides the standards and controlling makes plans succeed; planning is prescriptive and looking ahead, while controlling is evaluative and looking back, yet both are forward and backward looking. The controlling process has five steps: setting performance standards, measurement of actual performance, comparing actual performance with standards, analysing deviations and taking corrective action. While analysing deviations, managers use critical point control (focusing on key result areas) and management by exception (attending only to significant deviations beyond the permissible limit) so that managerial time is well used. Techniques of control include traditional ones (personal observation, statistical reports, breakeven analysis, budgetary control) and modern ones (return on investment, ratio analysis, responsibility accounting, management audit, PERT and CPM, and management information systems).

Meaning and nature of controllingImportance of controllingLimitations of controllingRelationship between planning and controllingProcess of controllingTechniques of managerial control

Key terms

Controlling

Ensuring that actual activities conform to planned activities and goals are achieved.

Performance standard

The criterion or benchmark against which actual performance is measured.

Deviation

The difference between standard (planned) performance and actual performance.

Critical point control

Focusing control on key result areas that are critical to the success of the organisation.

Management by exception

Attending only to significant deviations that cross the permissible limit.

Budgetary control

A technique of controlling by comparing actual results with budgeted figures.

Extra questions & answers

Try one from this chapter

Controlling means ensuring that:

Flashcards & interactive practice

Controlling

163 members in the CBSE community

Summary

Key terms

Extra questions & answers

Practice quiz · Controlling

Data & insights