What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do it; it bridges the gap between the present and the desired position.

How does planning provide direction?

By stating goals in advance, it tells employees what to do and in which direction to work, ensuring coordination.

Why is planning called a primary function?

Because it lays the base for organising, staffing, directing and controlling, which are performed within its framework.

State one limitation of planning.

Planning may lead to rigidity, preventing managers from adapting to changed circumstances (also costs and time).

List the steps in the planning process.

Setting objectives, developing premises, identifying alternatives, evaluating alternatives, selecting one, implementing and follow-up.

Differentiate single-use and standing plans.

A single-use plan serves a one-time event (budget, project); a standing plan is used repeatedly (policy, procedure, rule).

A comprehensive plan covering long-term objectives, a course of action and the allocation of resources.

Why are rules considered plans?

Rules are specific statements that decide a course of action in advance, allowing no discretion, so they are plans.

Distinguish between a procedure and a method.

A procedure gives the chronological steps to perform a task; a method gives the manner in which one step is performed.

Why does planning not guarantee success?

Because it relies on uncertain forecasts and past plans, and an unimplemented or outdated plan can still fail.

Planning

Class 12 Business Studies · Business Studies Part I · Chapter 4

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Summary

Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do it; it bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go. It is the primary function of management and the basis of all other functions. The importance of planning lies in providing direction, reducing the risks of uncertainty, reducing overlapping and wasteful activities, promoting innovative ideas, facilitating decision-making and establishing standards for controlling. Its features are: planning focuses on achieving objectives; it is a primary function; it is pervasive across levels and departments; it is continuous; it is futuristic; it involves decision-making; and it is a mental exercise. Planning also has limitations — it leads to rigidity, may not work in a dynamic environment, reduces creativity, involves huge costs, is time-consuming and does not guarantee success. The planning process follows logical steps: setting objectives, developing premises (assumptions about the future), identifying alternative courses of action, evaluating alternatives, selecting an alternative, implementing the plan and follow-up action. Plans are of several types. Single-use plans (budget, programme, project) serve a one-time event, while standing plans (objective, strategy, policy, procedure, method, rule) are used repeatedly. Objectives are desired end results, a strategy is a comprehensive plan, a policy is a general guide to action, a procedure gives the steps, a method gives the manner, a rule is a specific do/don't statement, a programme is a detailed scheme and a budget is a numerical statement of expected results.

Meaning and concept of planningImportance of planningFeatures of planningLimitations of planningProcess of planningTypes of plans

Key terms

Planning

Deciding in advance what to do and how to do it; the primary function of management.

Premises

Assumptions about the future on which a plan is based.

Objective

The desired end result that the management seeks to achieve.

Strategy

A comprehensive plan for achieving an organisation's objectives.

Policy

A general statement that guides thinking and channels energy in decision-making.

Budget

A statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms; also a control device.

Extra questions & answers

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Regional planning relates to:

Flashcards & interactive practice

Planning

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Summary

Key terms

Extra questions & answers

Practice quiz · Planning

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