Marketing
Class 12 Business Studies · Business Studies Part II · Chapter 2
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Business Studies
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Physics, Chemistry, Maths + English
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- Physics
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Physics, Chemistry, Biology + English
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- Chemistry
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Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + English
9~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Business Studies
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Business Studies
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Traps corrected
Business Studies
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Physics
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History
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Hindi Elective
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Mathematics
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Sociology
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Economics
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Home Science
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Urdu Elective
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- Urdu Elective
Geography
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Accountancy
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English Core
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- Vistas
Political Science
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Chemistry
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Hindi Core
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Mathematics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (आधार)
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Accountancy
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
اردو (اختیاری)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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Mathematics
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- Charts from the book's own data
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हिंदी (आधार)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
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संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
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Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
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Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Physics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
اردو (کور)
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Chemistry
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Urdu Elective
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
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Computer Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Chemistry
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Fine Art · Painting
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Biology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Informatics Practices
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Biotechnology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Accountancy
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Economics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Economics
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
TrendingStart now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
History
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Geography
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Elective · Kaleidoscope
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Political Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Political Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
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Sociology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
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- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Psychology
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Core · Flamingo
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
English Core · Vistas
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Home Science
~50days leftPre-boards · school dates varyDec 2026 · school-specific · tentative
Start now for December pre-boards. Reuse it for boards.- Space weighted by unit marks
- Charts from the book's own data
- Traps corrected
Summary
Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want by creating offerings and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Its features are needs and wants, creating a market offering, customer value and the exchange mechanism. Marketing must be distinguished from selling: selling is only a part of marketing focused on transferring title and earning profit from sales volume, while marketing is a wider concept that begins before production by identifying customer needs and continues after sale through customer relations. Marketing management is the management of the marketing function — choosing target markets and getting, keeping and growing customers by creating, delivering and communicating superior value. Marketing philosophies have evolved through the production, product, selling, marketing and societal marketing concepts. The functions of marketing include gathering market information, marketing planning, product designing, standardisation and grading, packaging and labelling, branding, customer support, pricing, promotion, physical distribution, transportation and storage. The marketing mix is the set of controllable variables a firm uses to influence buyers, made up of four elements — Product, Price, Place and Promotion (the four Ps). Product decisions cover features, quality, branding, packaging and labelling. Pricing is affected by cost, demand, competition, marketing objectives and government regulation. Place or physical distribution covers channels of distribution (direct and indirect) and physical movement. Promotion uses a promotion mix of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity. Branding, packaging and labelling help identify products, protect them and promote them.
Meaning and features of marketingMarketing versus sellingMarketing management philosophiesFunctions of marketingThe marketing mix and four PsPromotion mix and channels of distribution
Key terms
Marketing
A social process by which people obtain what they need and want by creating and exchanging value.
Selling
A narrower part of marketing concerned with transferring title and earning profit from sales.
Marketing mix
The set of controllable variables — product, price, place and promotion — used to influence buyers.
Product mix
Decisions about features, quality, branding, packaging and labelling of a product.
Promotion mix
The blend of advertising, personal selling, sales promotion and publicity.
Channels of distribution
The set of intermediaries through which a product moves from producer to consumer.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Marketing is best described as a: