Water in the Atmosphere
Class 11 Geography · Fundamentals of Physical Geography · Chapter 10
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Summary
Water is present in the atmosphere in gaseous, liquid and solid forms, derived from water bodies by evaporation and from plants by transpiration. The water vapour present is called humidity: absolute humidity is the weight of water vapour per unit volume, while relative humidity is the percentage of moisture present compared to the air's full capacity at a given temperature. Air holding moisture to its full capacity is saturated, and the temperature at which saturation occurs is the dew point. Evaporation transforms water from liquid to gas using heat (latent heat of vaporisation), while condensation transforms vapour into water through loss of heat, usually around hygroscopic condensation nuclei. After condensation, moisture takes the forms of dew, frost, fog, mist and clouds. Clouds are grouped by height and form into cirrus (high, feathery), cumulus (cotton-wool, flat-based), stratus (layered) and nimbus (dark rain clouds). Precipitation is the release of moisture as rainfall, snowfall, sleet or hail. Rainfall is of three types: convectional (heated air rises), orographic or relief (air forced up a mountain, giving a rain-shadow on the leeward side) and cyclonic or frontal. Rainfall generally decreases from the equator towards the poles, and coastal areas receive more than continental interiors.
Water in the Atmosphere
Key terms
Absolute humidity
the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air (grams per cubic metre).
Relative humidity
the percentage of moisture present compared to the air's full capacity at a given temperature.
Dew point
the temperature at which a given sample of air becomes saturated.
Condensation
the transformation of water vapour into water through loss of heat, often around hygroscopic nuclei.
Orographic rainfall
relief rain formed when saturated air is forced to rise over a mountain, leaving a rain-shadow.
Rain-shadow area
the dry leeward side of a mountain that receives little rainfall.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Water vapour present in the air is known as: