What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

Why is running water the most important geomorphic agent in humid regions?

Because heavy rainfall gives it great power to erode, transport and deposit material, degrading the land surface.

Distinguish a gorge from a canyon.

A gorge has steep straight sides and is about equal in width top and bottom; a canyon has step-like slopes and is wider at the top than the bottom.

How do deltas differ from alluvial fans?

Both are depositional cones, but deltas form where rivers dump well-sorted, stratified load into the sea, while alluvial fans form at the foot of mountain slopes.

What is karst topography and where is it found?

A limestone/dolomite landscape of solution and deposition features; named after the Karst region in the Balkans.

Name two erosional and two depositional glacial landforms.

Erosional: cirques and horns (also U-shaped valleys); depositional: moraines and eskers (also drumlins, outwash plains).

What landforms develop on a high rocky coast?

Cliffs, wave-cut terraces, sea caves and sea stacks, where erosion dominates.

Why does the east coast of India favour depositional forms?

Because it is a low sedimentary (emergent) coast where depositional forms dominate, unlike the high rocky retreating west coast.

What are pediplains and how do they form?

Low featureless plains in deserts formed when high relief is reduced by parallel retreat of slopes leaving inselbergs.

Name four types of sand dunes.

Barchans, parabolic dunes, seif (longitudinal with one wing) and transverse dunes.

Landforms and their Evolution

Class 11 Geography · Fundamentals of Physical Geography · Chapter 6

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Summary

A landform is a small to medium tract of the earth's surface; several related landforms make a landscape. Each landform has a history and evolves through stages comparable to youth, mature and old age. This chapter describes the erosional and depositional landforms made by the major geomorphic agents. Running water in humid regions is the most important agent: erosional forms include valleys, gorges, canyons, potholes, plunge pools, incised meanders and river terraces, while depositional forms include alluvial fans, deltas, floodplains, natural levees, point bars and meanders. Groundwater in limestone (karst) regions creates sinkholes, dolines, caves, lapies and limestone pavements, and deposits stalactites, stalagmites and pillars. Glaciers carve cirques, horns, arêtes and U-shaped (glacial) valleys, and deposit moraines, eskers, outwash plains and drumlins. Waves and currents shape coasts: high rocky coasts develop cliffs, wave-cut terraces, sea caves and stacks, while low sedimentary coasts develop beaches, bars, barriers, spits and lagoons. Winds in deserts cause deflation and abrasion, forming pediments, pediplains, playas, deflation hollows and mushroom rocks, and deposit sand dunes such as barchans, parabolic, seif, longitudinal and transverse dunes.

Landforms and their Evolution

Key terms

Gorge and canyon

deep, steep-sided valleys; a gorge is equal in width top and bottom, a canyon is wider at the top.

Delta

a depositional landform built where a river dumps its well-sorted load into the sea.

Karst topography

limestone/dolomite landscape shaped by groundwater solution and deposition.

Cirque

a deep, wide armchair-shaped basin carved by a glacier at the head of a glacial valley.

Moraine

a ridge of unsorted glacial till (terminal, lateral, medial or ground).

Barchan

a crescent-shaped sand dune with wings pointing downwind, formed where wind direction is constant.

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Several related landforms together make up a:

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Landforms and their Evolution

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Practice quiz · Landforms and their Evolution

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