What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

What are endogenic and exogenic forces?

Endogenic forces build up the crust from within; exogenic forces wear it down using energy from the sun and gravity.

What does diastrophism include?

Orogenic processes (mountain building), epeirogenic processes (continental uplift/warping), earthquakes and plate tectonics.

What is weathering and is it an in-situ process?

Weathering is the mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks by weather and climate; yes, it is an in-situ (on-site) process with little or no movement of material.

List the three major groups of weathering processes.

Chemical, physical (mechanical) and biological weathering.

How does weathering help the national economy?

It enriches and concentrates valuable ores of iron, manganese, aluminium and copper, and is essential for soil formation.

What are mass movements?

Movements that transfer rock debris downslope under the direct influence of gravity, ranging from creep and flow to slide and fall.

Why are landslides frequent in the Himalayas?

Because they are tectonically active, made of weak sedimentary and unconsolidated rocks, with very steep slopes.

Which soil-forming factors are active and which are passive?

Climate and biological activity are active; parent material, topography and time are passive.

Geomorphic Processes

Q: Name the five soil-forming factors.

Parent material, topography, climate, biological activity and time.

Class 11 Geography · Fundamentals of Physical Geography · Chapter 5

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Summary

The earth's surface is uneven because of two opposing groups of forces: endogenic forces, which build up the crust from within, and exogenic forces, which wear it down. Endogenic geomorphic processes include diastrophism (orogeny or mountain building, epeirogeny or continental uplift, earthquakes and plate tectonics) and volcanism, both energised by heat from within the earth. Exogenic processes derive their energy from the sun and from gravity-driven gradients, and are collectively termed denudation, which includes weathering, mass movements, erosion and transportation. Weathering is the in-situ mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks; its three groups are chemical (solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation), physical or mechanical (thermal expansion, unloading, salt weathering) and biological weathering. Weathering aids biodiversity, soil formation, mass movement and the enrichment of ores. Mass movements (creep, flow, slide and fall, including landslides, slumps and rock falls) transfer rock debris downslope under gravity. Erosion and deposition by running water, glaciers, wind, waves and groundwater shape landforms. Soil formation (pedogenesis) depends on five factors: parent material, topography, climate, biological activity and time; parent material, topography and time are passive factors, while climate and biological activity are active factors.

Geomorphic Processes

Key terms

Endogenic forces

internal forces (diastrophism and volcanism) that build up or elevate parts of the crust.

Exogenic forces

external, sun- and gravity-driven forces that wear down the surface (denudation).

Weathering

in-situ mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks by weather and climate.

Mass movement

the downslope transfer of rock debris under the direct influence of gravity.

Denudation

the general term covering weathering, mass wasting, erosion and transportation.

Pedogenesis

the process of soil formation, depending on parent material, topography, climate, biological activity and time.

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The internal forces that build up parts of the earth's crust are called:

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Geomorphic Processes

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