Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
Class 11 Geography · Fundamentals of Physical Geography · Chapter 8
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Summary
The earth receives almost all its energy from the sun as short-wave incoming solar radiation, called insolation; on average the top of the atmosphere receives 1.94 calories per sq cm per minute. Because the earth is a geoid, the sun's rays fall obliquely and only a small portion is intercepted. The earth is farthest from the sun (aphelion) on 4 July and nearest (perihelion) on 3 January. Insolation varies with the rotation of the earth, the angle of the sun's rays, the length of day, atmospheric transparency and configuration of land. The atmosphere is heated by conduction, convection, advection and terrestrial radiation. The heat budget keeps the earth's temperature constant: of 100 units of insolation, 35 are reflected (the albedo), 65 are absorbed and ultimately returned, balancing the total received. There is a surplus of net radiation between 40°N and 40°S and a deficit near the poles, redistributed pole-ward. Temperature is controlled by latitude, altitude (normal lapse rate of 6.5°C per 1,000 m), distance from the sea, air masses and ocean currents. Temperature distribution is shown by isotherms, and at times the normal lapse rate is reversed in an inversion of temperature.
Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature
Key terms
Insolation
incoming solar radiation received by the earth in short wavelengths.
Aphelion and perihelion
the earth's farthest (4 July) and nearest (3 January) positions from the sun.
Albedo
the percentage of insolation reflected back to space (about 35 units of 100).
Heat budget
the balance by which incoming insolation equals outgoing terrestrial radiation, keeping temperature constant.
Normal lapse rate
the decrease of temperature with height, about 6.5°C per 1,000 m.
Isotherm
a line joining places of equal temperature on a map.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The incoming short-wave solar radiation received by the earth is called: