Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
Class 11 Geography · Fundamentals of Physical Geography · Chapter 7
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Summary
The atmosphere is the envelope of air that surrounds the earth; 99 per cent of its mass lies within 32 km of the surface. It is composed of gases, water vapour and dust particles. Among the gases, nitrogen and oxygen dominate, but carbon dioxide is meteorologically important because it is transparent to incoming solar radiation but opaque to outgoing terrestrial radiation, making it largely responsible for the greenhouse effect; its volume has been rising due to fossil-fuel burning. Ozone, found between 10 and 50 km, absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays. Water vapour (up to four per cent in the warm wet tropics) absorbs insolation and preserves the earth's radiated heat, acting like a blanket. Dust and salt particles act as hygroscopic nuclei around which water vapour condenses to form clouds. The atmosphere is divided into five layers by temperature: the troposphere (the lowermost, with all weather and biological activity, where temperature falls with height), the stratosphere (containing the ozone layer), the mesosphere (where temperature again falls), the thermosphere/ionosphere (which reflects radio waves), and the exosphere (the rarefied outermost layer merging with space). The troposphere and stratosphere are of greatest concern to geographers.
Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
Key terms
Atmosphere
the envelope of mixed gases, water vapour and dust that surrounds the earth.
Carbon dioxide
the gas transparent to incoming solar radiation but opaque to outgoing terrestrial radiation, key to the greenhouse effect.
Ozone
the gas between 10 and 50 km that absorbs ultraviolet rays and shields life on earth.
Hygroscopic nuclei
dust and salt particles around which water vapour condenses to form clouds.
Troposphere
the lowermost layer where weather and biological activity occur and temperature falls with height.
Tropopause
the constant-temperature zone separating the troposphere from the stratosphere.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
About 99 per cent of the atmosphere's mass is confined within about: