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Explains the concepts of finite and infinite sequences, terms, general (nth) term, types of progressions including arithmetic progression (A.P.), geometric progression (G.P.), relationship between arithmetic mean and geometric mean, special sums (natural numbers, squares, cubes), properties, examples, applications, and historical notes.
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Explores the statement and proof of binomial theorem for positive integral indices, use of binomial coefficients and Pascal’s triangle, patterns in expansions, special cases, and diverse applications including numerical computations, divisibility, and historical context in Indian and world mathematics.
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Discusses the fundamental principle of counting, meaning and types of permutations and combinations, their formulas, properties, differences, solved examples, word problems, circular permutations, and real-life applications.
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Detailed review of economic planning and development in India from 1950–1990, covering the goals and achievements of five-year plans, public sector growth, agricultural reforms (land reforms and Green Revolution), industrialization, trade policy, criticism of the licensing system, and the rationale for economic reforms by 1991.
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Explains the extension of real numbers to complex numbers, notation and algebra (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), properties, powers of i, conjugate, modulus, Argand plane, square roots of negative numbers, quadratic equations with complex roots, and historical context, with worked examples and practice exercises.
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Covers the concept of inequalities in one and two variables, algebraic solutions and graphical representations, rules for solving inequalities, and real-life applications in mathematics, economics, and science; includes solved examples, word problems, and exercises with double inequalities and systems of inequalities.
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Explores angle measurement in degrees and radians, definitions and properties of trigonometric functions, values of trigonometric ratios, graphs, signs in different quadrants, domain and range, trigonometric identities for sum, difference, double and triple angles, and numerous illustrative examples and exercises.
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Comprehensive coverage of ordered pairs, Cartesian product, definition and examples of relations, domain, range, codomain, concept and types of functions, real-valued functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, and algebra of functions with solved examples and exercises.
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Explains the fundamental concept of sets, various types and representations, finite and infinite sets, subsets, operations (union, intersection, difference, complement), Venn diagrams, universal set, De Morgan’s laws, and the historical evolution of set theory, with exercises and examples.
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Comprehensive coverage of adjustments needed while preparing financial statements including outstanding and prepaid expenses, accrued and advance income, depreciation, bad debts and provisions, manager’s commission, interest on capital; preparation of profit and loss account and balance sheet with adjustments illustrated through examples.
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Comprehensive guide to the nature and purpose of financial statements, capital and revenue distinction, preparation of Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account, and Balance Sheet, with example statements, closing entries, marshalling, and practical illustrations.
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Complete coverage of the meaning, causes, significance, and methods of depreciation (straight line and written down value), distinction from amortisation and depletion; detailed exploration of provisions and reserves, types, accounting treatment, and differences with solved illustrations.
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Detailed concepts on meaning, objectives, and preparation of trial balance; types of accounting errors (commission, omission, principle, compensating); processes of locating and rectifying errors, suspense account handling, and practice problems with solved examples.
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Comprehensive coverage of the meaning, importance, and need for preparing bank reconciliation statements; step-by-step process, causes for differences between cash book and pass book, format, timing differences, error categories, and solved numerical examples.
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Detailed guide to recording transactions using special purpose books (Cash Book, Purchases Book, Purchases Return Book, Sales Book, Sales Return Book, Journal Proper); covers petty cash systems, ledger posting, balancing, and examples for efficient accounting.
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Comprehensive guide to understanding business transactions, source documents, preparation of accounting vouchers, application of accounting equation, rules of debit and credit, journal entries, and posting to ledger accounts.
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Detailed explanation of the need for a theory base in accounting, nature of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), basic accounting concepts, accounting standards issued by ICAI, and systems and basis of accounting.
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A comprehensive introduction to the nature, objectives, and scope of accounting; discusses types of accounting information, users of such information, basic terms (like assets, liabilities, income, expenses), and the role of accounting in business decision making.
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A comprehensive overview of the nature and types of motivation, theories of motivation, the role and types of emotion, physiological and cognitive bases, expression and regulation of emotions, and their impact on behaviour and well-being.
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Detailed introduction to thinking processes, including the nature and types of thinking; concepts, problem-solving, reasoning, decision-making, and creative thinking; discusses barriers to effective thinking and strategies for improvement.
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Comprehensive overview of memory systems and processes, including encoding, storage, and retrieval; types of memory such as sensory, short-term, long-term, episodic, semantic, and procedural memory; forgetting and its mechanisms; techniques for memory improvement, and the role of biological and cognitive factors in memory.
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An extensive overview of the nature and types of learning, including classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive learning, factors influencing learning, and applications of learning principles in daily life and educational settings.
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Detailed introduction to sensory processes including types of receptors, sensory thresholds, and signal detection; attentional mechanisms and theories; perceptual organization, depth and motion perception, perceptual constancies, and the role of learning and culture in perception.
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Comprehensive overview of human development across the lifespan including stages such as infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age; physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development; and the influences of heredity and environment on development.
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Detailed exploration of the goals and nature of psychological enquiry, types of psychological data, various research methods including observational, experimental, correlational, survey, psychological testing and case studies, methods of data analysis, limitations of psychological enquiry, and ethical considerations in research.
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A comprehensive introduction to psychology as a scientific discipline, exploring its history, different fields and approaches, the relationship between mind, behaviour, and experience, the discipline’s significance in daily life and its interdisciplinary connections with other sciences and professions.
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Comprehensive study of genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; importance and roles of biodiversity in ecology, economy, and science; analysis of biodiversity loss, endangered and vulnerable species, and strategies for conservation through national laws, protected areas, and international measures like hotspots and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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A detailed overview of the dynamic movement of ocean waters, including the generation and characteristics of waves, causes and types of tides (spring, neap, diurnal, semi-diurnal, mixed), their navigational and ecological importance, as well as the origin, classification, and global patterns of surface and deep ocean currents.
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Comprehensive study of the hydrological cycle; structure and relief of the ocean floor including continental shelf, slope, abyssal plain, and trenches; temperature and salinity variations in ocean waters; and forms and distribution of minor topographical features such as ridges, seamounts, guyots, and atolls.
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A comprehensive overview of climate classification schemes (with focus on Koeppen's system), major climate types across the globe, evidence and causes of historical and recent climate change, greenhouse gases, global warming, anthropogenic impacts, and international efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol.
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Comprehensive study of atmospheric moisture including forms of water vapor, humidity, evaporation, condensation, and various forms of condensation such as dew, frost, fog, and clouds, along with types of rainfall and the global distribution of precipitation.
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Comprehensive study of global atmospheric circulation patterns including planetary winds, pressure belts, air masses and fronts, cyclones (tropical and temperate), anticyclones, and the formation and characteristics of different weather systems shaping regional and global climates.
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Study of solar radiation and its variations, the earth’s heat budget and balance, processes of heating and cooling of the atmosphere including conduction, convection, advection, and terrestrial radiation, factors controlling temperature distribution, and global temperature patterns depicted by isotherms.
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Detailed study of the atmosphere’s composition including gases, water vapor, and dust particles; the structure of the atmosphere divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere; and their characteristics, along with important atmospheric phenomena and their role in supporting life on Earth.
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Comprehensive study of different types of landforms formed by endogenic and exogenic processes, including erosional and depositional features shaped by rivers, glaciers, wind, and coastal processes, as well as the stages of landscape evolution and their significance.
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Detailed exploration of endogenic and exogenic geomorphic forces and processes, including weathering, mass wasting, erosion, deposition, and soil formation, with a focus on how these processes shape landforms and the Earth's surface.
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Examination of continental drift, evidence for drifting, theory of plate tectonics, sea floor spreading, ocean floor configuration, types of plate boundaries, the formation and movement of tectonic plates, and the geological history and position changes of continents and oceans, with a focus on the movement of the Indian plate and global seismicity.
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Explanation of the earth’s internal structure, sources of information for studying earth’s layers, details on crust, mantle, core, seismic waves, earthquakes, volcanoes, volcanic landforms, and intrusive igneous structures, using indirect and direct scientific evidence.
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Study of early and modern theories on the origin of the universe and the Earth, covering the Big Bang Theory, nebular hypothesis, star and planet formation, Earth’s layered structure, atmosphere and hydrosphere evolution, and the emergence of life as understood through geological time and evidence.
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Introduction to geography as an integrating discipline focusing on its definition, scope, importance, branches (systematic and regional), its relationships with other natural and social sciences, human-nature interactions, and the role of spatial analysis in understanding physical and cultural phenomena on Earth.
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