What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

What are the three stages of memory?

Encoding (registering information), storage (retaining it over time) and retrieval (bringing it back into awareness).

Name the three memory systems in the Stage Model.

Sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory, proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin.

What is the capacity and duration of short-term memory?

It holds about 7 plus or minus 2 items for less than 30 seconds unless the information is rehearsed.

How does chunking improve memory?

Chunking combines several smaller units into larger meaningful chunks, expanding the limited capacity of short-term memory.

What are the three components of working memory?

The phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad and the central executive, described by Baddeley.

Explain the levels-of-processing view.

Proposed by Craik and Lockhart, it holds that the deeper (semantic) the level at which information is processed, the better it is retained.

Differentiate episodic and semantic memory.

Episodic memory stores personal life experiences that are dated and emotional, while semantic memory stores general knowledge, facts and concepts.

What did Ebbinghaus discover about forgetting?

He found that forgetting is rapid at first, especially in the first nine hours, and then slows down and stabilises.

Distinguish proactive and retroactive interference.

In proactive interference earlier learning interferes with recall of later learning; in retroactive interference later learning interferes with recall of earlier learning.

Name three mnemonic techniques for enhancing memory.

The keyword method, the method of loci and the first-letter technique (others include chunking and the PQRST method).

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Chapter 6: Human Memory — Class 11 Psychology

Psychology · 8 chapters

Summary, key terms, important questions and a practice quiz with AI diagnosis for each.

Chapter 6: Human Memory

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The three stages of memory in order are:

Summary

Memory refers to retaining and recalling information over time, and is conceptualised as three interrelated stages: encoding (registering information so it becomes usable), storage (retaining it over time) and retrieval (bringing it back to awareness). The information-processing approach is captured by the Stage Model of Atkinson and Shiffrin, which proposes three memory systems: sensory memory (large capacity, lasting less than a second, with iconic and echoic registers), short-term memory (small capacity of about 7 plus or minus 2 items, lasting under 30 seconds, expanded by chunking and held by maintenance rehearsal), and long-term memory (unlimited and permanent, encoded semantically through elaborative rehearsal). Baddeley's working memory adds the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and central executive. The levels-of-processing view of Craik and Lockhart holds that deeper, semantic processing leads to better retention. Long-term memory is classified into declarative (episodic and semantic) and procedural memories. Forgetting, first studied by Ebbinghaus, is rapid at first and then gradual, and is explained by trace decay, interference (proactive and retroactive) and retrieval failure due to absent or inappropriate cues. Memory can be enhanced using mnemonics such as the keyword method, method of loci, chunking, the first-letter technique and the PQRST method, along with deep processing and minimising interference.

Nature of MemoryInformation Processing Approach: The Stage ModelMemory Systems: Sensory, Short-term and Long-termWorking MemoryLevels of ProcessingTypes of Long-term MemoryMethods of Memory MeasurementNature and Causes of ForgettingForgetting due to Trace Decay, Interference and Retrieval FailureEnhancing Memory

Key terms

Encoding

The first stage of memory in which incoming information is recorded and registered so it becomes usable.

Sensory memory

A memory system of large capacity but very brief duration that registers an exact replica of the stimulus.

Short-term memory

A memory store of small capacity (about 7 plus or minus 2 items) holding information for less than 30 seconds.

Long-term memory

A permanent memory store of unlimited capacity in which information is encoded semantically.

Chunking

Combining smaller units of information into larger meaningful units to expand short-term memory capacity.

Mnemonics

Strategies for improving memory, using images (keyword method, method of loci) or organisation (chunking, first-letter technique).

Interference

Forgetting that occurs when competing associations, learned earlier or later, disrupt retrieval (proactive and retroactive).

Important questions

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Encoding

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The first stage of memory in which incoming information is recorded and registered so it becomes usable.

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Practice quiz · Human Memory

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Human Memory

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