The primary sector involves activities that:

produce goods directly from nature

Which of these belongs to the secondary sector?

Manufacturing cloth from cotton in a factory

Why are rules necessary in society?

When many people live together there can be disagreements and disorder, so rules are needed to maintain order and harmony.

What is the difference between governance and government?

Governance is the process of making and enforcing rules; the government is the group or system that does this.

Name the three organs of government and their roles.

The legislature makes laws, the executive implements them, and the judiciary decides whether laws are broken and decisions are fair.

What is meant by the ‘separation of powers’?

Keeping the three organs of government separate so that each can check the others and restore balance — a system of checks and balances.

What are the three levels of government in India?

Local (town or village), State, and Central or Union government.

How are the three levels seen in dealing with a flood?

A small flood is handled by local authorities, a larger one by the State government, and a massive flood also by the Central government.

What does the word ‘democracy’ mean?

It comes from the Greek dēmos (people) and kratos (rule), so it means the ‘rule of the people’.

Why is India a representative democracy?

Because all people cannot rule directly, so citizens elect representatives — MLAs at the State level and MPs at the national level — to make laws for them.

Why is India called the world's largest democracy?

Because it had about 970 million voters in 2024, more than any other democracy in the world.

What is grassroots democracy?

A system that enables and encourages ordinary citizens at the base level to participate and have a say in decisions affecting them.

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Chapter 10: Grassroots Democracy – Part 1: Governance — Class 6 Social Science

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Chapter 10: Grassroots Democracy – Part 1: Governance

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What is governance?

Summary

When many people live together, rules become necessary to maintain order and harmony. The process of making rules, organising society and ensuring rules are followed is called governance; the system that does this is the government, and the more important rules are laws. A modern government has three organs. The legislature makes laws through an assembly of elected representatives; the executive (head of state, ministers and agencies) implements the laws; and the judiciary (the courts) decides whether laws have been broken and whether decisions are fair. These organs are kept separate — the ‘separation of powers’ — to provide checks and balances. Government also works at three levels: local (town or village), State, and Central or Union, each handling different matters, as seen when small, medium or massive floods are dealt with by different levels. The framework is democracy, from the Greek dēmos (people) and kratos (rule) — ‘rule of the people’. Since all people cannot rule directly, India is a representative democracy: citizens elect MLAs at the State level and MPs at the national level. With about 970 million voters in 2024, India is the world's largest democracy. Grassroots democracy encourages participation by ordinary citizens.

Rules, governance and governmentThe three organs of governmentSeparation of powers and checks and balancesThree levels of governmentDemocracy and representative democracy

Key terms

Governance

The process of taking decisions, organising society with rules, and ensuring those rules are followed.

Legislature

The organ of government that makes, updates or removes laws through an assembly of representatives.

Executive

The organ of government that implements the laws, including the head of state, ministers and enforcement agencies.

Judiciary

The system of courts that decides whether laws have been broken and whether decisions are fair.

Separation of powers

Keeping the three organs of government separate so each can check the others and keep balance.

Democracy

A system of ‘rule of the people’, in India working through elected representatives.

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The process of taking decisions, organising society with rules, and ensuring those rules are followed.

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