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Complete Summary and Solutions for Marketing – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part II, Chapter 10 – Concepts, Marketing Mix, Functions, Product, Pricing, Promotion, Distribution, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 10 'Marketing' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the meaning and scope of marketing, marketing management, marketing mix and its elements (product, price, place, promotion), marketing functions, channels of distribution, and promotional tools—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Consumer Protection – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part II, Chapter 11 – Rights, Responsibilities, Legal Framework, Redressal Mechanism, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 11 'Consumer Protection' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the importance of consumer protection, consumer rights and responsibilities, legal framework under the Consumer Protection Act 2019, redressal agencies and mechanisms, role of consumer organisations and NGOs, and significant case studies—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Financial Management – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part II, Chapter 9 – Business Finance, Financial Planning, Capital Structure, Investment, Financing, Dividend Decisions, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 9 'Financial Management' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the meaning and role of business finance, objectives of financial management, components of financial planning, capital structure decision-making, investment and financing decisions, dividend policy, working capital management, and financial risk—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Controlling – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 8 – Meaning, Importance, Process, Techniques, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 8 'Controlling' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the concept and significance of controlling, steps in the controlling process, techniques including traditional and modern control methods, relationship between planning and controlling, advantages, limitations, and practical examples—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Directing – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 7 – Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 7 'Directing' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the concept, importance, and principles of directing, including supervision, motivation theories (such as Maslow's hierarchy of needs), leadership types and styles, communication processes, barriers, and effective communication techniques—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Staffing – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 6 – Recruitment, Selection, Training, Development, Process, Sources, Methods, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 6 'Staffing' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the importance of staffing, staffing process, sources of recruitment (internal and external), various methods of recruitment including online and offline sources, selection procedures, training and development methods (on-the-job and off-the-job), and the significance of effective staffing for organizational success—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Organising – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 5 – Concept, Process, Structures, Delegation, Decentralisation, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Organising' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the concept and importance of organising, steps in organising process, types of organisational structures (functional and divisional), formal and informal organisation, delegation of authority, decentralisation, and their significance—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Planning – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 4 – Meaning, Importance, Process, Types, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 4 'Planning' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the meaning and features of planning, its importance, limitations, detailed steps in the planning process, and different types of plans—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for complete understanding.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Business Environment – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 3 – Economic, Social, Political, Legal Aspects, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Business Environment' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the meaning, importance, and dimensions of business environment including economic, social, technological, political, and legal factors. Also includes the impact of government policies like liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation, and demonetisation—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for thorough learning.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Principles of Management – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 2 – Scientific Management, Fayol's Principles, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'Principles of Management' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the evolution of management thought, Taylor's Scientific Management, Fayol's 14 Principles of Management, their significance, applications, and contemporary relevance—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Nature and Significance of Management – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 1 – Characteristics, Functions, Importance, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Nature and Significance of Management' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the concept and characteristics of management, its functions, importance, managerial levels, and responsibilities—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Suggestions for Project Work – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 7 – Research Methods, Project Ideas, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 7 'Suggestions for Project Work' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, offering practical research project ideas, guidance on research methods like surveys, interviews, and observation, along with challenges and tips—plus all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for effective practice.
Complete Summary and Solutions for The Challenges of Cultural Diversity – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 6 – Cultural Identities, Secularism, Regionalism, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 6 'The Challenges of Cultural Diversity' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, discussing community identity, nation and state, regionalism, secularism, communalism, civil society, and constitutional provisions—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 5 – Concepts, Social Stratification, Discrimination, Questions, Answers
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, examining social stratification, caste and tribe systems, gender inequality, exclusions faced by marginalized groups, and responses—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for in-depth understanding.
Complete Summary and Solutions for The Market as a Social Institution – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 4 – Concepts, Trade, Economy, Questions, Answers
In-depth summary and explanation of Chapter 4 'The Market as a Social Institution' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, exploring markets beyond economics to their social institution role, traditional and modern markets, commodification, globalisation, and liberalisation—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Social Institutions – Continuity and Change – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 3 – Concepts, Explanation, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Social Institutions – Continuity and Change' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, covering the evolution and functioning of caste, tribe, and family in Indian society—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for comprehensive understanding.
Complete Summary and Solutions for The Demographic Structure of Indian Society – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 2 – Concepts, Data, Explanation, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'The Demographic Structure of Indian Society' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, including key demographic concepts, population data, theories, and interpretation—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for critical understanding.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Introducing Indian Society – NCERT Class XII Sociology, Chapter 1 – Concepts, Themes, Explanation, Questions, Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Introducing Indian Society' from the Indian Society Sociology textbook for Class XII, covering the sociological concepts, overview, themes, and interpretation of society—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises for a thorough understanding.
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Complete Summary and Solutions for Social Influence and Group Processes – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 7 – Explanation, Key Terms, Questions, and Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 7 ‘Social Influence and Group Processes’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering nature and formation of groups, types of groups, groupthink, social loafing, group polarisation, and influence of groups on individual behaviour—along with all key terms, project ideas, and NCERT questions with answers.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Attitude and Social Cognition – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 6 – Explanation, Key Terms, Questions, and Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 6 ‘Attitude and Social Cognition’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering attitude formation, components, change, prejudice, discrimination, social behaviour, and strategies for handling prejudice—along with all key terms, project ideas, and NCERT questions with answers.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Therapeutic Approaches – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 5 – Explanation, Key Terms, Questions, and Answers
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 ‘Therapeutic Approaches’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, cognitive and humanistic approaches, alternative therapies, rehabilitation of the mentally ill, key terms, and all NCERT questions and answers.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Psychological Disorders – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 4 – Concepts, Causes, Classification, and Major Disorders
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 4 ‘Psychological Disorders’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering definitions, causes, models of abnormality, classification systems (DSM-5 & ICD-10), and major psychological disorders — along with all NCERT exercises, key terms, and review questions with answers.
Complete Summary and Solutions for Meeting Life Challenges – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 3 – Understanding Stress, Types, Sources, Effects, Coping Strategies, Life Skills, and Promoting Positive Health and Well-being
This extensive chapter explores the nature, types, and sources of stress as common life challenges, including physical, psychological, and social stressors. It discusses the emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioural effects of stress, along with models like General Adaptation Syndrome. The chapter details various coping strategies, life skills essential for healthy living, stress management techniques, and factors promoting positive health and resilience. It also highlights the importance of a balanced lifestyle, social support, and positive attitude in maintaining well-being.
Self and Personality – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 2
This chapter introduces the concept of self and personality, describing how individuals perceive themselves and behave consistently across situations. It covers various approaches to studying personality, including typological, trait, psychodynamic, behavioural, cultural, and humanistic models. The chapter also explains methods for personality assessment, such as self-report, projective techniques, and behavioural analysis.
Variations in Psychological Attributes – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 1
This chapter introduces the concept of psychological attributes and individual differences among people. It covers various domains like intelligence, aptitude, creativity, emotional intelligence, and personality. It discusses the assessment methods of these attributes, theories of intelligence, cultural influences on intelligence, and the distinction between intelligence and aptitude.
Recent Developments in Indian Politics – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 8
This chapter covers the major political developments in India from the late 1980s onwards, including the rise of coalition politics, the weakening of the Congress party’s dominance, the emergence of regional parties, developments in national security, economic reforms, and the challenges posed by issues like corruption, communalism, and democratic deepening. It examines shifts in voter behavior and political alliances shaping contemporary Indian politics.
Regional Aspirations – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 7
This chapter examines the rising regional aspirations and movements in India from the 1980s onward. It discusses demands for autonomy and statehood in regions such as Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, North-East India, and other states. The chapter explores the causes of regional tensions, the Indian government’s responses, negotiation processes, armed struggles, and efforts to balance national unity with regional diversity through democratic means.
The Crisis of Democratic Order – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 6
This chapter examines the political crisis in India during the 1970s, focusing on the Emergency period declared in 1975. It explores the reasons for Emergency, its impact on democratic institutions, civil liberties, opposition movements, judiciary-government conflicts, and the eventual restoration of democracy in the 1977 elections. The chapter also discusses key political developments, protests, and the changing nature of party politics during this turbulent period.
Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 5
This chapter covers the political transition after Nehru’s death, the rise of Indira Gandhi, and the challenges faced by the Congress party in the 1960s and 1970s. It discusses political opposition, party splits, electoral challenges, the role of the Syndicate, the 1969 split in Congress, Indira Gandhi’s efforts in restoring the party’s dominance, and the new social coalitions formed under her leadership.
India's External Relations – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 4
This chapter discusses India's foreign policy since independence in the context of Cold War global politics. It focuses on the policy of non-alignment, India's relationship with China and Pakistan, wars fought during this period, India's nuclear policy, and shifts in foreign policy across different governments. The chapter also highlights India's efforts in Afro-Asian unity and the challenges of maintaining sovereignty, peace, and economic development while navigating international power dynamics.
Politics of Planned Development – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 3
This chapter focuses on the political decisions and debates surrounding economic development in independent India. It explores the origins and objectives of planned development, the impact of the Five Year Plans, the role of the state, industrialization strategies, and the political conflicts that emerged regarding development models and priorities in a diverse democracy.
Era of One-Party Dominance – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 2
This chapter analyzes the period of one-party dominance in Indian politics post-independence, focusing on the Indian National Congress's role in shaping the political landscape. It covers the elections from 1952 to 1962, the reasons for Congress's dominance, the emergence and challenges from opposition parties, and the internal dynamics and leadership struggles within the Congress.
Challenges of Nation Building – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 1
This chapter discusses the major challenges faced by independent India at the time of its birth. It explores the issues of national integration in a diverse society, establishing a democratic system, and achieving social and economic development with justice and equality. The chapter also covers the Partition, refugee rehabilitation, princely states integration, linguistic reorganisation of states, and the efforts of leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel in nation-building.
Globalisation – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 7
This chapter explores the multifaceted concept of globalisation, analyzing its economic, political, and cultural dimensions. It discusses the causes of globalisation, including technological advancements, and its uneven impacts across societies and countries. The chapter also examines resistance to globalisation, especially in India, and the role of social movements in shaping global and local responses.
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Security in the Contemporary World – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 5
This chapter examines traditional and non-traditional notions of security, exploring military threats, balance of power, alliances, disarmament, arms control, human security, environmental threats, terrorism, and the challenges faced by India in safeguarding its security interests. Through case studies and current examples, it highlights the complexity of security in a globalized world.
