Security in the Contemporary World
Class 12 Political Science · Contemporary World Politics · Chapter 5
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Summary
Security, at its most basic, means freedom from threats to 'core values', and only the most dangerous threats count. The chapter contrasts two views. Traditional (national) security is concerned with military threats to a country's sovereignty and territory from other states; governments respond through deterrence (preventing war), defence (limiting or ending it), balance of power, and alliance building. Traditional security also covers internal security and allows cooperation through disarmament (such as the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions), arms control (ABM, SALT, START, NPT) and confidence building. Non-traditional security broadens the focus from the state to the individual and to all humankind, giving rise to ideas of 'human security' and 'global security'. New sources of threat include terrorism, human-rights violations, global poverty, migration and refugees, and health epidemics like HIV-AIDS. These threats often require cooperation rather than military force. India's security strategy has four components: strengthening military capabilities, building international norms and institutions, addressing internal security challenges, and developing the economy to lift people out of poverty so that democracy itself provides greater security.
Key terms
Traditional security
The view that the main threat to a country comes from external military attack on its sovereignty and territory.
Deterrence
Preventing war by threatening to raise its costs to an unacceptable level.
Balance of power
A state's effort to build up its strength so that no neighbour or rival can dominate it.
Alliance
A coalition of states that coordinate actions to deter or defend against military attack.
Human security
A non-traditional view that focuses on protecting individuals and communities rather than only states.
Non-traditional security
A broad view of security covering threats like terrorism, poverty, migration, epidemics and environmental dangers.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
In the traditional view, the greatest threat to a country's security comes from: