Recent Developments in Indian Politics
Class 12 Political Science · Politics in India Since Independence · Chapter 8
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Physics
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اردو (کور)
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Fine Art · Painting
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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History
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History
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History
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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Home Science
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Summary
This chapter takes a synoptic view of Indian politics since the late 1980s. Five developments reshaped politics: the defeat of the Congress in 1989, ending the 'Congress system'; the rise of the 'Mandal issue' as the National Front government implemented OBC reservations in 1990, triggering anti-Mandal protests; the new economic reforms or structural adjustment programme from 1991; the Ram Janmabhoomi movement and Ayodhya dispute, resolved by the Supreme Court's 2019 verdict; and the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991. The era of coalition governments began, with the National Front (1989), United Front (1996) and later the NDA and UPA, and regional parties gaining a central role, until the BJP won single-party majorities in 2014 and 2019. The political rise of the Other Backward Classes followed the Mandal Commission report and the Indira Sawhney case, while Dalit politics produced the Bahujan Samaj Party under Kanshi Ram. The BJP rose through cultural nationalism, the politics of Hindutva, the Shah Bano case and the Ayodhya issue. Despite intense competition, a broad consensus emerged among parties on new economic policies, acceptance of backward-caste claims, the role of state-level parties, and pragmatic coalition politics.
Key terms
Coalition government
A government formed by several parties together, which became the norm at the Centre after 1989.
Mandal issue
The dispute over implementing the Mandal Commission's recommendation of OBC reservations in central government jobs.
Other Backward Classes
Communities, other than SCs and STs, identified as socially and educationally backward.
Hindutva
The idea, popularised by Savarkar, of Indian nationhood based on a united national culture, pursued politically by the BJP.
New economic reforms
The structural adjustment programme begun in 1991 that liberalised the Indian economy.
Bahujan Samaj Party
The party founded by Kanshi Ram seeking political power for the bahujan — SC, ST, OBC and minorities.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The defeat of the Congress in 1989 marked the end of the: