Contemporary South Asia
Class 12 Political Science · Contemporary World Politics · Chapter 3
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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Summary
South Asia usually means Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka — a region of great diversity bound by the Himalayas and the surrounding seas, where rivalry and cooperation coexist. The countries follow varied political paths. India and Sri Lanka have remained democracies since independence; Pakistan and Bangladesh have alternated between civilian and military rule; Nepal moved from monarchy to a democratic republic (2008); Bhutan became a constitutional monarchy and multi-party democracy (2008); and the Maldives became a multi-party republic. The chapter examines Pakistan's struggle to build stable democracy, Bangladesh's emergence in 1971 and its return to democracy, the monarchy-democracy-Maoist conflict in Nepal, and the ethnic conflict between the Sinhala majority and the LTTE in Sri Lanka. India-Pakistan conflicts centre on Kashmir, the Siachen glacier, arms races, nuclear tests, and river-water and Sir Creek disputes, though the Indus Waters Treaty (1960) has endured. India also has differences and cooperation with Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and the Maldives. SAARC (1985) and the SAFTA agreement promote regional cooperation, while the US and China remain influential outside powers.
Key terms
SAARC
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, formed in 1985 to promote multilateral cooperation in the region.
SAFTA
The South Asian Free Trade Agreement, signed in 2004, aiming to create a free-trade zone by lowering tariffs.
Kashmiriyat
The distinctive regional identity and aspiration of the people of the Kashmir valley.
LTTE
The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, which fought for a separate Tamil state in Sri Lanka until 2009.
Indus Waters Treaty
The 1960 India-Pakistan agreement, mediated by the World Bank, on sharing the rivers of the Indus basin.
Line of Control
The military boundary dividing Indian Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
SAARC, the regional body for South Asian cooperation, began in: