Biotechnology and its Applications
Class 12 Biology · Biology · Chapter 10
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Summary
This chapter surveys the applications of biotechnology in agriculture, medicine and other fields, along with the ethical issues they raise. In agriculture, genetically modified (GM) crops and transgenic plants are produced to improve tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, reduce pesticide use, increase nutritional value and reduce post-harvest losses. Examples include Bt cotton (carrying the cry genes of Bacillus thuringiensis for pest resistance), Bt brinjal, pest-resistant plants using RNA interference (RNAi) against nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and biofortified crops such as Golden Rice. In medicine, biotechnology enables the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins, exemplified by human insulin (Humulin) made by inserting the gene chains A and B into E. coli, gene therapy to correct genetic defects (the first case treated adenosine deaminase, ADA, deficiency), and molecular diagnostics using PCR, ELISA and recombinant DNA probes for early detection of pathogens and disorders. Transgenic animals are produced for research, biological products, vaccine safety testing and the study of disease. The chapter also addresses ethical issues and biopiracy, the unauthorised exploitation of bio-resources and traditional knowledge, and the role of the GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) and patents, citing cases like the patenting of Basmati rice and the use of turmeric and neem.
Biotechnological applications in agricultureBt crops and pest-resistant plantsBiotechnological applications in medicineRecombinant insulin and gene therapyMolecular diagnosis and transgenic animalsEthical issues and biopiracy
Key terms
Transgenic organism
An organism whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign genes.
Bt crop
A crop carrying cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that produce insecticidal toxins, such as Bt cotton.
Gene therapy
A collection of methods that correct a defective gene by introducing a normal gene into the patient.
RNA interference (RNAi)
A cellular defence mechanism that silences specific mRNA, used to develop pest-resistant plants.
Biopiracy
The exploitation of bio-resources and traditional knowledge of a country without proper authorisation or compensation.
Molecular diagnosis
Early and accurate disease detection using techniques such as PCR, ELISA and recombinant DNA probes.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Bt cotton is resistant to insects because it carries the: