CBSE · Senior secondary
CBSE Class 12 — Notes, Chapters & Practice Quizzes
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13 subjects 166 chapters 171 practice quizzes NCERT syllabus
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Students preparing for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
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9Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics + EnglishEvery subject, one purchase
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7Physics, Chemistry, Biology + EnglishEvery subject, one purchase
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Physics, Chemistry, Maths + EnglishEvery subject, one purchase
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BiologyRevise all of it in about an hour
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AccountancyAll 3 books, one purchase
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2Hindi ElectiveAll 2 books, one purchase
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3GeographyAll 3 books, one purchase
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3HistoryAll 3 books, one purchase
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PhysicsAll 2 books, one purchase
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2MathematicsAll 2 books, one purchase
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2Hindi CoreAll 2 books, one purchase
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2EconomicsAll 2 books, one purchase
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2Home ScienceAll 2 books, one purchase
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2Urdu ElectiveAll 2 books, one purchase
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2English CoreAll 2 books, one purchase
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2Political ScienceAll 2 books, one purchase
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MathematicsRevise all of it in about an hour
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MathematicsRevise all of it in about an hour
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BiotechnologyRevise all of it in about an hour
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AccountancyRevise all of it in about an hour
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवादRevise all of it in about an hour
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Business StudiesRevise all of it in about an hour
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EconomicsRevise all of it in about an hour
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HistoryRevise all of it in about an hour
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HistoryRevise all of it in about an hour
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HistoryRevise all of it in about an hour
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GeographyRevise all of it in about an hour
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GeographyRevise all of it in about an hour
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GeographyRevise all of it in about an hour
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English Elective · KaleidoscopeRevise all of it in about an hour
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Political ScienceRevise all of it in about an hour
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Political ScienceRevise all of it in about an hour
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SociologyRevise all of it in about an hour
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SociologyRevise all of it in about an hour
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Home ScienceRevise all of it in about an hour
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Home ScienceRevise all of it in about an hour
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Formula of the day
Physics · Ray Optics (lens) · 13 formulae in the cheatsheet
Trap of the day
Nernst 0.059/n term uses log base 10 at 298 K. Using ln double-counts the 2.303 factor.
Biology · 13 chapters
Summary, key terms, extra questions with answers and a practice quiz with AI diagnosis for each.
Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Class 12 Biology — summary, notes, extra questions & MCQ quiz
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Bt cotton is resistant to insects because it carries the:
Summary
This chapter surveys the applications of biotechnology in agriculture, medicine and other fields, along with the ethical issues they raise. In agriculture, genetically modified (GM) crops and transgenic plants are produced to improve tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, reduce pesticide use, increase nutritional value and reduce post-harvest losses. Examples include Bt cotton (carrying the cry genes of Bacillus thuringiensis for pest resistance), Bt brinjal, pest-resistant plants using RNA interference (RNAi) against nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita), and biofortified crops such as Golden Rice. In medicine, biotechnology enables the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins, exemplified by human insulin (Humulin) made by inserting the gene chains A and B into E. coli, gene therapy to correct genetic defects (the first case treated adenosine deaminase, ADA, deficiency), and molecular diagnostics using PCR, ELISA and recombinant DNA probes for early detection of pathogens and disorders. Transgenic animals are produced for research, biological products, vaccine safety testing and the study of disease. The chapter also addresses ethical issues and biopiracy, the unauthorised exploitation of bio-resources and traditional knowledge, and the role of the GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) and patents, citing cases like the patenting of Basmati rice and the use of turmeric and neem.
Biotechnological applications in agricultureBt crops and pest-resistant plantsBiotechnological applications in medicineRecombinant insulin and gene therapyMolecular diagnosis and transgenic animalsEthical issues and biopiracy
Key terms
Transgenic organism
An organism whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign genes.
Bt crop
A crop carrying cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that produce insecticidal toxins, such as Bt cotton.
Gene therapy
A collection of methods that correct a defective gene by introducing a normal gene into the patient.
RNA interference (RNAi)
A cellular defence mechanism that silences specific mRNA, used to develop pest-resistant plants.
Biopiracy
The exploitation of bio-resources and traditional knowledge of a country without proper authorisation or compensation.
Molecular diagnosis
Early and accurate disease detection using techniques such as PCR, ELISA and recombinant DNA probes.
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Transgenic organism
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Meaning1 / 6
An organism whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign genes.
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Practice quiz · Biotechnology and its Applications
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Biotechnology and its Applications
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Biology revision kits
BiologyRevise all of it in about an hour
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