What is Psychology?
Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 1
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Summary
Psychology is formally defined as the science that studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts, using methods drawn from both the biological and social sciences. The word comes from the Greek psyche (soul) and logos (study), reflecting its origin in philosophy as a study of the soul or mind, before it became a scientific discipline. Mental processes such as remembering, perceiving, thinking and feeling are internal but interdependent with brain activity, although mind is not identical to brain. Experiences are subjective and embedded in awareness, while behaviours are overt or covert responses linked to stimuli. Psychology runs as two parallel streams: a natural science following the hypothetico-deductive model and an evolutionary approach, and a social science studying behaviour in socio-cultural contexts. Modern psychology formally began in 1879 when Wundt set up the first laboratory in Leipzig, leading to schools such as structuralism, functionalism (James), Gestalt psychology, behaviourism (Watson, Skinner), psychoanalysis (Freud), humanistic (Rogers, Maslow) and cognitive approaches. In India it grew from Calcutta University after 1916. The discipline has many branches including cognitive, biological, developmental, social, clinical and counselling, and sports psychology, and links closely with philosophy, medicine, computer science, law and the arts. Psychology is personally and socially relevant in everyday life.
What is Psychology?Psychology as a DisciplinePsychology as a Natural SciencePsychology as a Social ScienceUnderstanding Mind and BehaviourPopular Notions about PsychologyEvolution of PsychologyDevelopment of Psychology in IndiaBranches of PsychologyPsychology in Everyday Life
Key terms
Psychology
The science that studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts using systematic methods.
Behaviour
Responses or reactions an organism makes; behaviour may be overt (observable) or covert (internal).
Introspection
A method in which trained subjects describe in detail their own conscious mental experiences.
Structuralism
Wundt's school that analysed the structure of the mind into its basic building blocks through introspection.
Functionalism
William James' approach concerned with what the mind does and how behaviour helps people adapt to the environment.
Behaviourism
Watson's view that psychology should study only observable, measurable behaviour rather than mind or consciousness.
Gestalt psychology
A school holding that perceptual experience is more than the sum of its parts and is organised as a whole.
Extra questions & answers
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The word "psychology" is derived from the Greek words psyche and logos, meaning: