What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

Motivation is the process that energises, directs and sustains behaviour towards a goal, explaining what moves behaviour.

Describe the motivational cycle.

A need produces a drive and arousal, which energises goal-directed behaviour leading to achievement of the goal and reduction of arousal back to balance.

Distinguish biological and psychosocial motives.

Biological motives such as hunger, thirst and sex are guided by physiological mechanisms, while psychosocial motives such as affiliation, power and achievement are learned through social interaction.

What triggers the hunger motive?

Hunger is triggered by internal cues such as stomach contractions, low blood glucose and liver signals, together with external cues like the taste, aroma and appearance of food.

What is the need for achievement?

It is the desire (n-Ach) to meet standards of excellence; high achievers prefer moderately difficult, challenging tasks and seek feedback on performance.

Explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Maslow arranged needs in a pyramid from physiological, safety, belongingness and esteem needs up to self-actualisation, with lower needs dominating until satisfied.

An emotion is a complex pattern of arousal involving physiological activation, conscious subjective feeling and a cognitive label that interprets the situation.

Name the six basic emotions recognised across cultures.

Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise.

How does culture influence emotional expression?

Culture shapes display rules, gaze behaviour and the labelling of emotions, so the same emotion may be expressed and named differently across cultures.

Suggest ways to manage negative emotions such as anger.

Recognise the power of one's own thoughts, realise that one alone controls anger, avoid self-talk that inflames, and find constructive ways to express it.

Motivation and Emotion

Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 8

163 members in the CBSE community

View all

CBSE Class 11 · Psychology

Methods of Enquiry: 13 marks, biggest unit

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each
11 marks each: Units I and III
9 marks: Learning, Unit V
8 marks each: Perception and Memory
Every school with its founder
Comparisons examiners ask for

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

CBSE Class 11 · Psychology

Methods of Enquiry: 13 marks, biggest unit

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each
11 marks each: Units I and III
9 marks: Learning, Unit V
8 marks each: Perception and Memory
Every school with its founder
Comparisons examiners ask for

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

View all 44 amazing Marks Booster kits →

Summary

Motivation explains what moves behaviour; the term comes from the Latin movere, meaning to move. Motivation is goal-directed and is described through the motivational cycle of need, drive, arousal, goal-directed behaviour and achievement, with the concepts of instinct, drive, need, goal and incentive. There are two broad types of motives. Biological (physiological) motives such as hunger, thirst and sex are guided mainly by physiological mechanisms involving the hypothalamus, liver and blood chemistry. Psychosocial motives are mostly learned through interaction with the social environment and include the need for affiliation, the need for power, the need for achievement (n-Ach), and curiosity and exploration. Maslow's hierarchy of needs arranges motives in an ascending pyramid from physiological needs, through safety, belongingness and esteem needs, to self-actualisation at the top. Emotions are complex patterns of arousal, subjective feeling and cognitive interpretation; basic emotions identified across cultures include joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust and surprise, with theorists such as Izard and Plutchik proposing sets of primary emotions. Emotions are expressed through verbal and non-verbal channels including facial expressions, paralanguage, gestures and gaze, and both expression and labelling are strongly shaped by culture. The chapter also explains managing negative emotions such as anger and examination anxiety, and enhancing positive emotions for well-being.

Nature of MotivationTypes of MotivesBiological MotivesPsychosocial MotivesMaslow's Hierarchy of NeedsNature of EmotionsExpression of EmotionsCulture and Emotional ExpressionManaging Negative EmotionsEnhancing Positive Emotions

Key terms

Motivation

The process that energises, directs and sustains goal-directed behaviour; derived from the Latin movere, to move.

Need

A lack or deficit of some necessity that gives rise to a drive.

Drive

A state of tension or arousal produced by a need that energises behaviour towards a goal.

Need for achievement

The desire (n-Ach) to meet standards of excellence and to succeed at challenging tasks.

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow's arrangement of needs from physiological, through safety, belongingness and esteem, to self-actualisation.

Self-actualisation

The highest need in Maslow's hierarchy, the realisation of one's fullest potential.

Emotion

A complex pattern of arousal involving physiological activation, subjective feeling and cognitive interpretation.

Extra questions & answers

Try one from this chapter

The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning:

Flashcards & interactive practice