Thinking
Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 7
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Summary
Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities; it is an internal, organised and goal-directed mental process that manipulates information and can be inferred from overt behaviour. The building blocks of thought are mental images and concepts, which group objects and ideas into categories and help us think economically. The major processes of thinking are problem solving, reasoning and decision-making. Problem solving moves from an initial state to a goal state, overcoming obstacles such as mental set and functional fixedness, and uses strategies like algorithms, heuristics, means-end analysis and analogies. Reasoning is goal-directed thinking that draws inferences; it may be deductive (from general premises to a specific conclusion) or inductive (from specific instances to a general conclusion). Decision-making involves choosing among given alternatives by evaluating their costs and benefits. Creative thinking produces ideas that are novel, appropriate and useful; it combines convergent and divergent thinking and passes through preparation, incubation, illumination and verification, aided by lateral thinking and strategies that overcome blocks to creativity. Thought and language are closely linked: language is a system of symbols and rules with the properties of being symbolic, generative and structured. Language develops in an orderly sequence from cooing and babbling to single words, telegraphic speech and full sentences, and bilingualism and multilingualism enrich cognitive flexibility.
Nature of ThinkingBuilding Blocks of ThoughtThe Processes of ThinkingProblem SolvingReasoningDecision-makingNature and Process of Creative ThinkingStrategies for Creative ThinkingThought and LanguageDevelopment of Language and Language Use
Key terms
Thinking
An internal, organised and goal-directed mental process of manipulating information, inferred from overt behaviour.
Concept
A mental category that groups objects, events or ideas sharing common properties, helping us think economically.
Problem solving
Thinking directed at overcoming obstacles to move from an initial state to a desired goal state.
Mental set
The tendency to approach a problem in a fixed way that has worked before, which can block new solutions.
Reasoning
Goal-directed thinking that draws conclusions, either deductively or inductively, from available information.
Creative thinking
Thinking that produces ideas or solutions that are novel, appropriate and useful.
Language
A system of symbols and rules of grammar that is symbolic, generative and structured, used for communication.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Thinking is best described as a mental process that is: