Motivation and Emotion
Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 8
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Summary
Motivation explains what moves behaviour; the term comes from the Latin movere, meaning to move. Motivation is goal-directed and is described through the motivational cycle of need, drive, arousal, goal-directed behaviour and achievement, with the concepts of instinct, drive, need, goal and incentive. There are two broad types of motives. Biological (physiological) motives such as hunger, thirst and sex are guided mainly by physiological mechanisms involving the hypothalamus, liver and blood chemistry. Psychosocial motives are mostly learned through interaction with the social environment and include the need for affiliation, the need for power, the need for achievement (n-Ach), and curiosity and exploration. Maslow's hierarchy of needs arranges motives in an ascending pyramid from physiological needs, through safety, belongingness and esteem needs, to self-actualisation at the top. Emotions are complex patterns of arousal, subjective feeling and cognitive interpretation; basic emotions identified across cultures include joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust and surprise, with theorists such as Izard and Plutchik proposing sets of primary emotions. Emotions are expressed through verbal and non-verbal channels including facial expressions, paralanguage, gestures and gaze, and both expression and labelling are strongly shaped by culture. The chapter also explains managing negative emotions such as anger and examination anxiety, and enhancing positive emotions for well-being.
Nature of MotivationTypes of MotivesBiological MotivesPsychosocial MotivesMaslow's Hierarchy of NeedsNature of EmotionsExpression of EmotionsCulture and Emotional ExpressionManaging Negative EmotionsEnhancing Positive Emotions
Key terms
Motivation
The process that energises, directs and sustains goal-directed behaviour; derived from the Latin movere, to move.
Need
A lack or deficit of some necessity that gives rise to a drive.
Drive
A state of tension or arousal produced by a need that energises behaviour towards a goal.
Need for achievement
The desire (n-Ach) to meet standards of excellence and to succeed at challenging tasks.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow's arrangement of needs from physiological, through safety, belongingness and esteem, to self-actualisation.
Self-actualisation
The highest need in Maslow's hierarchy, the realisation of one's fullest potential.
Emotion
A complex pattern of arousal involving physiological activation, subjective feeling and cognitive interpretation.
Extra questions & answers
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The term motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, meaning: