Methods of Enquiry in Psychology
Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 2
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Summary
This chapter explains how psychologists study behaviour scientifically. The goals of psychological enquiry are description, prediction, explanation and control of behaviour, with the applied goal of improving the quality of life. Scientific research follows steps: conceptualising a problem, collecting data, drawing conclusions and revising research conclusions and theory. Besides the quantitative scientific paradigm, psychology also uses interpretive and qualitative paradigms. Psychological data may be demographic, physical, physiological or psychological, gathered as participants' subjective reports or observers' records. Important methods include the observational method (naturalistic or controlled, participant or non-participant), the experimental method which establishes cause-and-effect by manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable while controlling extraneous variables, correlational research which measures the direction and strength of a relationship (positive, negative or zero) without proving causation, survey research using interviews and questionnaires, psychological testing using standardised tests, and the case study which gives an in-depth picture of an individual. Data are analysed using quantitative methods (frequency, graphs, descriptive statistics) and qualitative methods such as narrative and content analysis. Psychological enquiry has limitations of subjectivity, lack of control and measurement difficulty. Ethical issues require voluntary participation, informed consent, debriefing, confidentiality and sharing results.
Goals of Psychological EnquirySteps in Conducting Scientific ResearchAlternative Paradigms of ResearchNature of Psychological DataObservational MethodExperimental MethodCorrelational ResearchSurvey ResearchPsychological TestingCase StudyAnalysis of DataEthical Issues
Key terms
Independent variable
The factor deliberately manipulated by the experimenter that is assumed to be the cause of the effect being studied.
Dependent variable
The behaviour or response that is measured as the effect of changes in the independent variable.
Extraneous variable
Any factor other than the independent variable that may influence the dependent variable and must be controlled.
Correlation
A measure of the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables, which may be positive, negative or zero.
Naturalistic observation
Observing behaviour as it occurs in its natural setting without interference from the observer.
Standardisation
The process of establishing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a psychological test.
Informed consent
An ethical requirement that participants agree to take part after being told about the nature of the study.
Extra questions & answers
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Which is NOT a goal of psychological enquiry?