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Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 5
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Summary
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience or practice; it must be distinguished from temporary changes due to fatigue, drugs or maturation. The chapter describes several paradigms of learning. In classical conditioning, discovered by Pavlov, a neutral stimulus paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response; its determinants include the time relations, type, intensity and number of pairings. In operant or instrumental conditioning, studied by Skinner and based on Thorndike's law of effect, behaviour is shaped by its consequences through reinforcement (positive and negative) and punishment; determinants include the schedules and delay of reinforcement. Key learning processes include reinforcement, extinction, generalisation and discrimination. Other forms of learning are observational learning (imitating a model, as in Bandura's work), cognitive learning (insight learning shown by Kohler and cognitive maps shown by Tolman), verbal learning (associating words and concepts through paired-associate and serial learning), and skill learning, which moves through cognitive, associative and autonomous phases. Factors that facilitate learning include motivation, readiness, knowledge of results and transfer of learning. Learning disabilities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia reflect difficulty in acquiring specific academic skills despite adequate intelligence.
Nature of LearningParadigms of LearningClassical ConditioningOperant/Instrumental ConditioningKey Learning ProcessesObservational LearningCognitive LearningVerbal LearningSkill LearningFactors Facilitating LearningLearning Disabilities
Key terms
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential brought about by experience or practice.
Classical conditioning
A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.
Operant conditioning
Learning in which behaviour is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, studied by Skinner.
Reinforcement
Any event following a response that increases the probability that the response will recur.
Observational learning
Learning by watching and imitating the behaviour of a model, demonstrated by Bandura.
Insight learning
A sudden grasp of the solution to a problem through reorganising the perceptual field, shown by Kohler.
Learning disability
A difficulty in acquiring specific academic skills such as reading or arithmetic despite normal intelligence.
Extra questions & answers
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Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to: