Human Development
Class 11 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 3
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Summary
Human development is the pattern of progressive, orderly and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout the lifespan. Development involves growth, maturation and learning, and is studied from a life-span perspective in which development is lifelong, multidimensional, plastic and influenced by historical and cultural conditions. Development results from the interaction of heredity (genetic inheritance through genes and chromosomes) and environment, together with the context of development which includes the family, neighbourhood, school, society and culture. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model describes nested systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem) that influence the developing person. The major stages are the prenatal stage (germinal, embryonic and foetal periods), infancy (rapid sensory-motor development, attachment and language onset), childhood (physical, cognitive and socio-emotional growth, including Piaget's preoperational and concrete-operational thinking and moral development), adolescence as a period of transition marked by puberty, the search for identity, abstract thinking and challenges such as peer pressure, eating disorders and substance abuse, and finally adulthood and old age involving career, marriage, parenthood and adjustment to ageing and retirement. Each stage has distinctive developmental tasks and characteristics that shape the whole personality.
Meaning of DevelopmentLife-Span Perspective on DevelopmentGrowth, Development, Maturation and EvolutionFactors Influencing DevelopmentContext of DevelopmentOverview of Developmental StagesPrenatal StageInfancyChildhoodChallenges of AdolescenceAdulthood and Old Age
Key terms
Development
The pattern of progressive, orderly and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue through the lifespan.
Growth
An increase in the size of body parts or of the organism as a whole, a quantitative aspect of development.
Maturation
The unfolding of genetically determined characteristics and behaviours that emerge in an orderly sequence with age.
Heredity
The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
Adolescence
The transitional period between childhood and adulthood marked by puberty and the search for identity.
Attachment
The close emotional bond that develops between an infant and the caregiver.
Ecological model
Bronfenbrenner's view that development is shaped by nested environmental systems from the microsystem to the macrosystem.
Extra questions & answers
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Development refers to changes that begin at: