Presentation of Data
Class 11 Economics · Statistics for Economics · Chapter 4
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Physics, Chemistry, Maths + English
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Economics
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Economics
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Accountancy
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Geography
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Physics
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Mathematics
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Physics
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Physics
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Chemistry
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Chemistry
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Biology
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Accountancy
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Accountancy
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Business Studies
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History
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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Political Science
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Political Science
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Sociology
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Sociology
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Psychology
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English Core · Hornbill
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English Core · Snapshots
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English Elective · Woven Words
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हिंदी (आधार)
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हिंदी (ऐच्छिक)
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संस्कृतम् (केन्द्रिकम्)
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संस्कृत (ऐच्छिक)
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اردو (کور)
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اردو (اختیاری)
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Urdu Elective
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Computer Science
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Informatics Practices
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Home Science
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Home Science
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Fine Art · Painting
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Biotechnology
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Knowledge Traditions
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सृजनात्मक लेखन और अनुवाद
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Health and Physical Education
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (गायन / वादन)
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हिंदुस्तानी संगीत (तबला / पखावज)
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Summary
Classified data can be presented in three forms: textual, tabular and diagrammatic. Textual presentation describes the data within the running text and suits small amounts of data, but it forces the reader to go through the whole passage. Tabular presentation arranges data in rows and columns; a well-made table has a table number, title, captions (column headings), stubs (row headings), the body, the unit of measurement, the source and any notes, and the data may be classified qualitatively, quantitatively, temporally or spatially. Diagrammatic presentation is the most attractive and is of three kinds. Geometric diagrams include bar diagrams — simple, multiple and component (sub-divided) — and the pie diagram, in which a circle is divided in proportion to the components after converting values into percentages, each percentage multiplied by 3.6 degrees since the circle has 360 degrees. Frequency diagrams are used for grouped distributions: a histogram uses adjoining rectangles whose area is proportional to class frequency (using frequency density for unequal classes) and gives the mode; a frequency polygon joins the mid-points of their tops; a frequency curve is its smoothed form; and an ogive or cumulative frequency curve, of the "less than" or "more than" type, gives the median where the two curves cross. The arithmetic line graph plots a variable against time to show trends, as with India's exports and imports. Unlike a bar diagram, a histogram leaves no gaps and the width of the bars matters.
Presentation of Data
Key terms
Tabular presentation
Arranging data in rows and columns, with a table number, title, captions, stubs, body, unit, source and notes.
Bar diagram
A geometric diagram of equispaced, equiwidth rectangular bars whose height shows the magnitude; simple, multiple or component.
Pie diagram
A circle divided into sectors in proportion to the components, after converting values into percentages (each percent = 3.6 degrees).
Histogram
A frequency diagram of adjoining rectangles whose area is proportional to class frequency, drawn for continuous data.
Frequency polygon
A diagram made by joining the mid-points of the tops of the rectangles of a histogram.
Ogive
A cumulative frequency curve of the "less than" or "more than" type; the two curves cross at the median.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Which form of presentation describes data within the running text?