What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

Name the three forms of presentation of data.

Data can be presented in textual (descriptive) form, in tabular form, or in diagrammatic form.

What are the main parts of a good statistical table?

A table number, title, captions (column headings), stubs (row headings), the body of the table, the unit of measurement, the source, and explanatory notes.

Name the three kinds of bar diagrams.

Simple bar diagram, multiple bar diagram and component (sub-divided) bar diagram.

How is the angle of each sector of a pie diagram calculated?

Each component is first expressed as a percentage of the total, and that percentage is multiplied by 3.6 degrees, since the whole circle of 360 degrees represents 100 per cent.

What is a histogram and for which data is it drawn?

A histogram is a set of adjoining rectangles whose area is proportional to class frequency, drawn only for continuous (grouped) data and used to read the mode graphically.

Distinguish between a histogram and a bar diagram.

In a histogram the rectangles touch with no gap and their width matters, whereas in a bar diagram bars are separated by spaces and only their height carries meaning.

What is frequency density and when is it used?

Frequency density is class frequency divided by the width of the class interval; it is used to draw a histogram correctly when class intervals are unequal.

What is a frequency polygon?

A diagram formed by joining the mid-points of the tops of the rectangles of a histogram; the area under it equals the total frequency.

What is an ogive and what does it give?

An ogive is a cumulative frequency curve, drawn as "less than" or "more than"; the point where the two ogives intersect gives the median of the distribution.

What does an arithmetic line graph show?

A time-series graph plots a variable against time to reveal trends and periodicity, as in the graph of India's exports and imports over the years.

Presentation of Data

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Summary

Classified data can be presented in three forms: textual, tabular and diagrammatic. Textual presentation describes the data within the running text and suits small amounts of data, but it forces the reader to go through the whole passage. Tabular presentation arranges data in rows and columns; a well-made table has a table number, title, captions (column headings), stubs (row headings), the body, the unit of measurement, the source and any notes, and the data may be classified qualitatively, quantitatively, temporally or spatially. Diagrammatic presentation is the most attractive and is of three kinds. Geometric diagrams include bar diagrams — simple, multiple and component (sub-divided) — and the pie diagram, in which a circle is divided in proportion to the components after converting values into percentages, each percentage multiplied by 3.6 degrees since the circle has 360 degrees. Frequency diagrams are used for grouped distributions: a histogram uses adjoining rectangles whose area is proportional to class frequency (using frequency density for unequal classes) and gives the mode; a frequency polygon joins the mid-points of their tops; a frequency curve is its smoothed form; and an ogive or cumulative frequency curve, of the "less than" or "more than" type, gives the median where the two curves cross. The arithmetic line graph plots a variable against time to show trends, as with India's exports and imports. Unlike a bar diagram, a histogram leaves no gaps and the width of the bars matters.

Presentation of Data

Key terms

Tabular presentation

Arranging data in rows and columns, with a table number, title, captions, stubs, body, unit, source and notes.

Bar diagram

A geometric diagram of equispaced, equiwidth rectangular bars whose height shows the magnitude; simple, multiple or component.

Pie diagram

A circle divided into sectors in proportion to the components, after converting values into percentages (each percent = 3.6 degrees).

Histogram

A frequency diagram of adjoining rectangles whose area is proportional to class frequency, drawn for continuous data.

Frequency polygon

A diagram made by joining the mid-points of the tops of the rectangles of a histogram.

Ogive

A cumulative frequency curve of the "less than" or "more than" type; the two curves cross at the median.

Extra questions & answers

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Which form of presentation describes data within the running text?

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Presentation of Data

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Summary

Key terms

Extra questions & answers

Practice quiz · Presentation of Data

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