What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

Who is called a worker?

A worker is any person engaged in an economic activity, whether of high or low capacity, including the self-employed and those who help main workers.

Describe the worker-population ratio in India.

It is the number of workers per hundred persons in the population; it is higher in rural than urban areas and much higher for men than for women.

What is jobless growth?

It is a situation in which the economy grows and output rises but employment grows very slowly, so the growth does not generate proportionate jobs.

What is casualisation of the workforce?

Casualisation is the shift of workers away from regular salaried jobs and self-employment towards casual wage labour, which is less secure and offers fewer benefits.

Distinguish between the formal and informal sectors.

The formal (organised) sector includes the public sector and private firms with ten or more workers, offering job security and benefits, while the informal (unorganised) sector lacks such protection and employs the great majority of workers.

What is disguised unemployment?

It is a situation where more people are employed in a task than are really needed, so that removing some would not reduce output, as commonly seen on family farms.

What is seasonal unemployment?

It occurs when people are unable to find work during certain parts of the year, as in agriculture where labour is needed only in some seasons.

Which agencies provide employment data in India?

The National Statistical Office, the Census of India, the Periodic Labour Force Survey and employment exchanges collect and provide data on employment and unemployment.

How does the government generate employment?

It generates employment directly through its own departments and enterprises and indirectly by aiding output, and through schemes such as MGNREGA, which guarantees a hundred days of wage employment to rural households.

Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Q: What are the three categories of workers by employment status?

Self-employed workers, who form the largest group, casual wage labourers, and regular salaried employees.

Class 11 Economics · Indian Economic Development · Chapter 6

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Summary

A worker is anyone engaged in an economic activity, including the self-employed and those who help main workers. India's workforce was about 545 million in 2022–23, of whom roughly two-thirds were rural and about three-quarters were men; the worker-population ratio is higher in rural than urban areas and much higher for men than for women. Workers fall into three categories — the self-employed, who form the largest group, casual wage labourers, and regular salaried employees. By industry, the workforce is split across the primary, secondary and service sectors, with the primary (mainly agriculture) sector still employing the largest share, especially of women. Although the economy grew steadily after 1950, employment grew slowly, a pattern called jobless growth, and there has been growing casualisation as workers shift from regular salaried and self-employment to casual wage work, increasing their vulnerability. The workforce is also divided into a formal (organised) sector, the public sector plus private firms employing ten or more workers with job security and benefits, and a much larger informal (unorganised) sector that lacks such protection; nearly nine in ten workers are informal. Unemployment takes three forms: open, disguised (where more people work than are needed, as on family farms) and seasonal. The National Statistical Office, the Census and the Periodic Labour Force Survey provide employment data. The government generates employment directly and indirectly and through schemes such as MGNREGA (2005), guaranteeing a hundred days of wage employment to rural households.

Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

Key terms

Worker

Any person engaged in an economic activity, including the self-employed and those who assist main workers.

Worker-population ratio

The number of workers per hundred persons in the population, an indicator of employment.

Casualisation

The shift of workers from regular salaried and self-employment towards insecure casual wage labour.

Informal sector

The unorganised sector of unprotected jobs, including firms with fewer than ten workers and the self-employed.

Disguised unemployment

A situation where more workers are engaged in a task than are actually needed, as on family farms.

MGNREGA

The 2005 Act guaranteeing a hundred days of wage employment a year to every rural household.

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A worker is any person engaged in:

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Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

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Key terms

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Practice quiz · Employment: Growth, Informalisation and Other Issues

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