‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

Why is variation beneficial to a species but not always to the individual?

Variation helps the species survive environmental changes over time, even though a particular variation may not benefit every individual.

What is vegetative propagation? Give one advantage.

Growing new plants from vegetative parts (root, stem, leaf); it preserves desirable traits and produces flowering/fruiting faster.

Why is reproduction important for a species?

It ensures the continuity of a species from one generation to the next and passes on variations that help the species survive and adapt.

Name and define any three methods of asexual reproduction.

Fission (a parent splits into two or more, e.g. Amoeba), budding (a new organism grows as a bud, e.g. Hydra) and fragmentation (the body breaks into pieces that grow into new organisms, e.g. Spirogyra).

What is vegetative propagation, and what is one advantage?

Growing new plants from vegetative parts such as roots, stems or leaves; it preserves the desirable features of the parent and produces flowers and fruits earlier.

What are pollination and fertilisation in flowering plants?

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma; fertilisation is the fusion of the male gamete from the pollen with the egg in the ovule to form a zygote.

Name the male and female reproductive parts of a flower.

The stamen (anther and filament) is the male part, and the carpel/pistil (stigma, style and ovary) is the female part.

What changes occur in humans at puberty?

The reproductive organs mature and secondary sexual characters appear, such as growth of hair, changes in voice and body, preparing the body for reproduction.

What are some methods of contraception?

Barrier methods (condoms), oral contraceptive pills, intra-uterine devices (IUDs), and surgical methods; some also help prevent sexually transmitted infections.

Why is variation important in sexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction mixes the genes of two parents, producing variations that help a population adapt and survive in changing environments.

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Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce?Class 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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Reproduction involving a single parent and producing genetically identical offspring is:

Summary

Reproduction ensures the continuity of a species and passes variation to the next generation. In asexual reproduction a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical, by methods such as fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, spore formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the fusion of gametes, producing greater variation. In flowering plants this occurs through pollination and fertilisation within the flower, leading to seed and fruit formation. In humans, the male and female reproductive systems produce gametes; fertilisation forms a zygote that develops in the uterus. The chapter also discusses reproductive health, including contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Variation arising from sexual reproduction is important because it helps populations adapt and survive in changing environments.

Asexual reproductionSexual reproduction in plantsHuman reproductive systemReproductive healthImportance of variation

Key terms

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction from a single parent without gamete fusion.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma in flowers.

Fertilisation

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Variation

Differences among offspring that aid adaptation and survival.

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Reproduction from a single parent without gamete fusion.

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Chapter 7: How do Organisms Reproduce?Class 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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