‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?

A reflex action is an automatic, rapid response not under conscious control, whereas walking is a voluntary action controlled by the brain.

Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

Iodine is needed by the thyroid to make thyroxine; iodised salt prevents deficiency disorders such as goitre.

What is a neuron, and what are its main parts?

A neuron is a nerve cell that carries information as electrical impulses; its main parts are the dendrites, cell body (cyton), axon and nerve endings.

What is a reflex action? Give an example.

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that is not under conscious control, such as quickly pulling the hand away from a hot object.

What is a reflex arc?

The pathway through which a reflex action takes place: receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → effector (muscle), allowing a quick response (refer to the reflex-arc diagram in your NCERT textbook).

Name the three major parts of the human brain and one function of each.

The cerebrum (thinking and voluntary actions), the cerebellum (balance and coordination of movement) and the medulla (involuntary actions like heartbeat and breathing).

What are hormones? Name two and their functions.

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the blood; for example, insulin (from the pancreas) controls blood sugar and adrenaline (from the adrenal glands) prepares the body for emergencies.

Why is the use of iodised salt advisable?

Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland to make the hormone thyroxine; iodised salt prevents iodine deficiency disorders such as goitre.

What are tropic movements in plants? Give two types.

Directional growth movements of plants in response to a stimulus, e.g. phototropism (towards light) and geotropism (roots growing towards gravity).

How do plant hormones help in coordination?

Plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid regulate growth, cell division, ripening and responses like the closing of leaves and growth towards light.

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Chapter 6: Control and CoordinationClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the:

Summary

Control and coordination keep an organism’s responses organised. In animals this is done by the nervous system and the endocrine system. The nervous system uses neurons to carry electrical impulses; a reflex action follows a quick pathway called the reflex arc, while the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system that processes information and controls voluntary and involuntary actions. The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones — such as insulin, adrenaline, thyroxine and growth hormone — that travel in the blood to regulate slower, long-term processes. Plants coordinate without nerves: they show movements such as tropisms (growth towards or away from a stimulus like light or gravity) and use plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins and abscisic acid to control growth, ripening and responses to the environment.

Nervous system and neuronsReflex action and reflex arcHuman brainHormones and the endocrine systemCoordination in plants

Key terms

Neuron

A nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses.

Reflex arc

The nerve pathway followed in an automatic reflex action.

Hormone

A chemical messenger secreted by an endocrine gland into the blood.

Tropism

Directional growth of a plant in response to a stimulus.

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A nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses.

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Chapter 6: Control and CoordinationClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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