‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

Why are series circuits not used for domestic wiring?

In series, all appliances share one current and switch off together if one fails; parallel wiring gives each appliance full voltage and independent control.

Why is tungsten used for the filament of an electric bulb?

It has a very high melting point and high resistivity, so it glows white-hot without melting.

Define electric current and state its SI unit.

Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor; its SI unit is the ampere (A).

What is potential difference, and how is it measured?

The work done to move a unit charge between two points; it is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel.

On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?

On its length (directly), its area of cross-section (inversely), the material (resistivity) and the temperature.

How does the net resistance change in series and in parallel?

In series the resistances add up \((R = R_1 + R_2 + \dots)\) giving a larger resistance; in parallel the net resistance is smaller than the least \(\left(\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \dots\right)\).

Why is parallel arrangement used in domestic wiring?

Because each appliance then gets the full supply voltage, can be switched on or off independently, and the failure of one does not stop the others (refer to the circuit diagram in your NCERT textbook).

State the heating effect of current and one application.

When current flows through a resistor, heat is produced, given by \(H = I^2 R t\); it is used in electric heaters, irons and the filament of an electric bulb, and in fuses for safety.

Define electric power and the commercial unit of electrical energy.

Electric power is the rate of consuming electrical energy, \(P = VI = I^2 R\); the commercial unit of energy is the kilowatt-hour \((1\ \text{kWh} = 3.6 \times 10^6\ \text{J})\), called one "unit".

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Chapter 11: ElectricityClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

Q: State Ohm’s law.

At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends: \(V = IR\).

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Ohm’s law is expressed as:

Summary

Electric current is the flow of electric charge, driven by a potential difference and measured with an ammeter, while potential difference is measured with a voltmeter. Ohm’s law states that, at constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it (V = IR), where R is the resistance. Resistance depends on a material’s length, area and resistivity. Resistors can be combined in series, where resistances add, or in parallel, where the net resistance is smaller than the least. The heating effect of current (H = I²Rt) explains devices like electric heaters and the working of fuses, while electric power (P = VI) and energy (measured in kilowatt-hours) describe how much electricity an appliance uses. These ideas underpin all domestic and industrial wiring.

Electric current and potential differenceOhm’s law and resistanceResistors in series and parallelHeating effect of currentElectric power and energy

Key terms

Electric current

Rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes.

Ohm’s law

\(V = IR\) — current is proportional to potential difference at constant temperature.

Resistance

Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms.

Electric power

Rate of consuming electrical energy, \(P = VI\).

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Ohm's law and resistor combinations

Voltage (V)6 V

Resistance (Ω)3 Ω

Current I = V / R =2 A

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Equivalent R (series)

9 Ω

Total current

0.67 A

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Electric current

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Rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes.

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Chapter 11: ElectricityClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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