‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

Why is sodium stored under kerosene?

Sodium is so reactive that it catches fire on contact with air or moisture, so kerosene keeps it away from both.

Why are ionic compounds usually solids with high melting points?

Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions require a lot of energy to break.

How do metals and non-metals differ chemically?

Metals lose electrons to form positive ions and basic oxides, while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions and acidic or neutral oxides.

What is the reactivity series, and why is it useful?

A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity; it predicts displacement reactions and helps decide the method of extracting a metal.

How are ionic compounds formed, and what are their properties?

They form by transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal; they are usually solids with high melting points, soluble in water, and conduct electricity when molten or in solution.

What are minerals, ores and gangue?

Minerals are naturally occurring metal compounds; ores are minerals from which a metal can be profitably extracted; gangue is the unwanted earthy impurity in an ore.

How are metals of medium reactivity extracted from their ores?

Their sulphide or carbonate ores are converted to oxides by roasting or calcination, and the oxide is then reduced to the metal, usually with carbon.

Why are some metals like sodium and aluminium extracted by electrolysis?

Because they are very reactive and their oxides cannot be reduced by carbon, so the metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction of their molten compounds.

What is an alloy, and why are alloys made?

An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with other metals or non-metals; alloying improves properties such as strength, hardness and resistance to corrosion, e.g. steel and brass.

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Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metalsClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

Q: List the main physical properties of metals.

Metals are generally lustrous, hard, malleable, ductile, sonorous and good conductors of heat and electricity, with high melting points.

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Metals are generally:

Summary

Metals and non-metals differ in both physical and chemical properties. Metals are typically lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous and good conductors of heat and electricity, whereas non-metals are generally dull, brittle and poor conductors. Chemically, metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions, while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions; this electron transfer creates ionic compounds with high melting points. The reactivity series ranks metals by how vigorously they react, which explains displacement reactions and helps choose extraction methods. Metals are obtained from ores by steps such as roasting or calcination followed by reduction, and then refined. The chapter also covers corrosion — the slow eating away of metals like the rusting of iron — and how alloying improves properties such as strength and resistance to corrosion.

Physical and chemical propertiesReactivity seriesIonic compoundsExtraction of metalsCorrosion and alloys

Key terms

Reactivity series

Metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity.

Ionic compound

A compound formed by transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal.

Corrosion

Gradual degradation of a metal by reaction with its surroundings.

Alloy

A homogeneous mixture of a metal with other metals or non-metals.

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Sodium

Atomic number: 11

Atomic mass: 22.99

Category: Alkali metal

57-71

89-103

Alkali metal

Alkaline earth metal

Transition metal

Post-transition metal

Metalloid

Reactive nonmetal

Halogen

Noble gas

Lanthanide

Actinide

Unknown

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Reactivity series

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Metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity.

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Chapter 3: Metals and Non-metalsClass 10 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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