‘रचना-प्रयोग’ का मुख्य उद्देश्य क्या है?

व्याकरण का व्यावहारिक प्रयोग सिखाना

‘द्वितीयः’ किस प्रकार की संख्या है?

क्रमवाचक (दूसरा)

What did the inauguration ceremony of 1994 signify?

It marked the end of apartheid and the birth of a democratic, non-racial South Africa, with Mandela as its first black President.

What, according to Mandela, are the twin obligations of every person?

An obligation to his family, parents and wife and children, and an obligation to his people, community and country.

How does Mandela define courage?

Not as the absence of fear, but as the triumph over it; the brave man feels fear but conquers it.

Why does Mandela say the oppressor must also be liberated?

Because a man who takes away another’s freedom is a prisoner of hatred and prejudice, so true freedom frees both the oppressed and the oppressor.

What does Mandela mean by an “extraordinary human disaster” and a “glorious human achievement”?

The disaster was the long, cruel system of apartheid and the suffering it caused; the achievement was the birth of a free, democratic and non-racial South Africa.

Whom does Mandela honour at the inauguration?

He welcomes the international leaders present and pays tribute to the freedom fighters, both famous and unknown, who sacrificed their lives for liberty.

How did the policy of apartheid affect black South Africans?

It stripped them of basic rights and dignity, segregated them by race, and made it impossible for them to live freely or fulfil their potential.

According to Mandela, how did decades of oppression shape great leaders?

The very depth of oppression produced men of extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity, the heroes who rose to lead the freedom struggle.

What two kinds of freedom does Mandela distinguish?

As a boy he prized small, transitory freedoms; as a man he came to understand the far greater hunger for the freedom of his whole people to live with dignity.

What is the central message of this extract?

That courage is conquering fear, hatred is learned and can be unlearned through love, and a truly free society must liberate both the oppressed and the oppressor.

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Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom

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The story in short

This extract from Nelson Mandela’s autobiography describes the historic day in 1994 when he was sworn in as the first black President of a democratic South Africa, ending centuries of white minority rule and the system of apartheid. Mandela reflects on the long and painful struggle against racial oppression and pays tribute to the countless heroes, known and unknown, who sacrificed their lives for freedom. He speaks of the twin obligations every person has — to family and to people — and how apartheid made it impossible to fulfil both. Mandela argues that no one is born hating another because of skin colour; hatred is learned, and so love can be taught instead. He defines true courage not as the absence of fear but as the triumph over it, and concludes that a free society must liberate both the oppressed and the oppressor, for a man who takes away another’s freedom is himself a prisoner of hatred.

The story in 6 beats

1Mandela recalls the bright day when South Africa celebrates its first democratic government and he takes oath as President.
2He watches world leaders attend the ceremony and feels proud that people of many races now share freedom.
3He remembers the long years of apartheid and honours the many brave men and women who suffer and sacrifice.
4He says every person has duties to family and country, but apartheid cruelly blocks these natural obligations.
5Mandela reflects that courage means winning over fear, and prison teaches him the real value of freedom.
6He ends by saying hatred is learned, love can be taught, and both oppressor and oppressed need liberation.

Apartheid and the struggle for freedomMandela’s philosophy of courageTwin obligations to family and peopleSacrifice of freedom fightersLiberating the oppressed and the oppressor