Variations in Psychological Attributes
Class 12 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 1
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Summary
This chapter studies how and why people differ from one another. Individual differences are the distinctive variations in people's characteristics and behaviour; the situationist view stresses that circumstances also shape behaviour. Psychological attributes such as intelligence, aptitude, interest, personality and values are multi-dimensional and are measured through assessment using tests, interviews, case studies, observation and self-report. Intelligence is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively. Theories fall into two camps: psychometric approaches (Spearman's g and s factors, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Guilford's structure-of-intellect) and information-processing approaches (Gardner's eight multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory of componential, experiential and contextual intelligence, and the PASS model of planning, attention-arousal and simultaneous-successive processing). Intelligence is a product of the interplay of nature and nurture. IQ, devised by Stern, is mental age divided by chronological age times 100; IQ scores form a bell-shaped normal curve. Those below 70 may have intellectual disability and those above 130 are gifted. Western culture promotes technological intelligence while the Indian tradition emphasises integral intelligence (buddhi). Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive and regulate emotions. Aptitude is potential for acquiring specific skills, and creativity is the ability to produce novel, useful ideas.
Individual differencesAssessment of attributesTheories of intelligenceMultiple intelligencesTriarchic theoryPASS modelIQ and variationsCulture and intelligenceEmotional intelligenceAptitude and creativity
Key terms
Individual differences
Distinctiveness and variations among people's characteristics and behaviour patterns.
Intelligence
The global capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively to meet life's demands.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100; devised by William Stern.
Multiple intelligences
Gardner's view that intelligence is not single but exists as eight relatively independent types.
PASS model
Das, Naglieri and Kirby's model based on Planning, Attention-arousal and Simultaneous-successive processing.
Emotional intelligence
A set of skills underlying accurate appraisal, expression and regulation of one's own and others' emotions.
Aptitude
An individual's underlying potential for acquiring specific skills given proper training.
Extra questions & answers
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Individual differences refer to: